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Infinitive + Negation |
The infinitive form of a verb conveys a verb that has no mood, tense or relation to a noun.
In English, if you look up a verb in the dictionary, it will give you the verb in infinitive form. These verbs can be either preceded
by to
, succeeded by ing
or not at all.
- I need to go.
- I like playing games.
- I must leave.
In Hungarian, the base-verb (taken from the 3rd person singular indefinite) is only succeeded by -ni
. It also does not have any definite or indefinite conjugation.
- Szeretek olvasni - (I like to read/reading)
- Holnap tudok menni - (I can go tomorrow)
- Mikor foglak látni? - (When will I see you?)
When using the infinitive, be aware that it won't always line up with the base-verb. There are two cases:
Case 1: Vowel Harmony
Depending on how the verb ends will determine if it has a linking vowel or not. The two forms of vowel harmony are -ani, -eni
.
If the verb ends in -ít
it will receive a linking vowel.
- segít - segíteni (to help)
- kiegészít - kiegészíteni (to complete)
- borít - borítani (to cover)
- lefordít - fordítani (to translate)
Or if the verb ends in two consonants it will also receive a linking vowel.
- dönt - dönteni (to decide)
- éleszt - éleszteni (to revive)
- játsz - játszani (to play)
- mond - mondani (to say)
Case 2: Irregular verb
The verb that you are using could in fact be an irregular verb, in which case it will have different conjugations and possibly a different infinitive form). Here is a list of all the irregular verbs, bolds and italics are there to help indicate pattern.
Irregular verb | Infinitve |
---|---|
van | lenni |
lesz | lenni |
megy (he/she/it goes) | menni |
eszik (he/she/it eats) | enni |
iszik (he/she/it drinks) | inni |
fő (he/she/it cooks) | főzni |
tesz (he/she/it puts/does) | tenni |
vesz (he/she/it take/buys | venni |
visz (he/she/it brings) | vinni |
hisz (he/she/it believes) | hinni |
alszik (he/she/it sleeps) | aludni |
nyugszik (he/she/it rests) | nyugodni |
fekszik (he/she/it lies) | feküdni |
jön (he/she/it comes) | jönni |
sző (he/she/it weaves) | szőni |
lő (he/she/it shoots) | lőni |
nő (he/she/it grows) | nőni |
ró (he/she/it carves/punishes/mandates) | róni |
tagad (he/she/it denies) | tagadni |
fogad (he/she/it receives) | fogadni |
szenved (he/she/it suffers) | szenvedni |
enged (he/she/it allows) | engedni |
téved (he/she/it errs) | tévedni |
Addendum
It is worth noting that to cheer in Hungarian, you wouldn't say you can do it! but rather menni fog
or sikerülni fog
.
They literally mean it will go and it will succeed respectively.
You can negate most sentences with nem
, it means no, or not. Nem almost always starts at the beginning of the sentence.
- Nem tudom - (I don't know)
- Nem értem - (I don't understand)
- Nem vagyok tökéletes - (I'm not perfect)
- Ezt nem mondod komolyan! - (You can't be serious! lit. You aren't saying this seriously!)
- Köszönöm, nem kérek - (No thanks lit. Thanks I don't ask for it)
If the same subject negates more verbs in a sentence, sem
is used instead. The use of sem
can also be used with pronouns for emphasis.
Consider this scenario:
- Alex: Szeretitek a klasszikus zenét? - (Do you like classical music?)
- Barnabás: Nem.
- Éva: Én sem. - (I don't either.)
It should be noted that English treats the sentence as one whole value whereas Hungarian treats the sentence as a series of values. If you want to negate the sentence, every part of the sentence is negated.
- English: I don't know anybody. (Negated once)
- Hungarian: Nem ismerek senkit. - (I don't know nobody.)
Quick note: ismer
and tud
are both verbs that can be used as the equivalent to know. ismer
has connotations of possesing knowledge whereas tud
has connotations of possessing skills and skillsets (hence, why tud also means can, in the sense of ability).
Useful negations
- mindenki (everyone) senki (nobody)
- valami (something) semmi (nothing)
Recall that van
is the verb for existence. In Hungarian, nem van nincs/nincsen
is used to negate a noun's existence (and nincsenek
for negating multiple nouns). Likewise with sem
, sincs
is used as a further negation to really emphasise the lack of existence.
Although nincs
is used for the present tense, nem volt
and nem lesz
are used for the past and future respectively.
- Nem igaz, hogy nincsen semmi baj. - (It isn't true that there is nothing wrong).
- Kávé van? Nincs. Tea van? Az sincs. - (Is there coffee? There is none. Is there tea? None of that either.)
- Gőzöm sincs. - (I haven't the foggiest idea. lit. I don't even have any steam).
- Nincs mit. - (Don't mention it. lit. There is no what.)
Ha van Balrog, miért nincsen Jobbrog?
If there is a Balrog/Leftrog, why is there no Rightrog?
- Bal - left
- Jobb - right
With the imperative and subjunctive mood, the negation becomes ne
and se
. Sometimes ne is
is used instead of se
. This concept will be expanded upon in later sections.
- Ne aggódj! - (Don't worry!)
- Ne félj, menni fog! - (Don't be afraid, it will go!)
- Ne szólj! ne is kérdezz! Nézz reám! Akit itt látsz férfi már. - (Don't speak! Don't even question! Look at me! Who you see here is already a man.)
Tedd, vagy ne tedd, de ne próbáld!
Do or do not, but do not try!
It isn't uncommon to ask questions in the negative, especially if they are yes or no questions.
Consider these situations, Barnabás could respond with the following:
- Alex: Nem láttad a nyelvtan könyvet? - (Have you (not) seen the grammar book?)
- Barnabás: Sajnos nem, nincs itt. - (No unfortunately, it isn't here.)
- Barnabás: De, az asztal mellett van! - (But it is next to the table!)
Notice how igen de
(but) is used to counter a negative question.
-
Alex: Szia, nem zavarlak? - (Hi, am I (not) bothering you?)
- Barnabás: Nem, dehogyis! Gyere be! - (No, quite the contrary! Come in!)
- Barnabás: De zavarsz, kicsit elfoglalt vagyok. - (But you are, I'm a litle busy) zavarsz is optional.
-
Alex: Te nem szereted az AWS-t, igaz? (You don't like AWS, right?)
- Barnabás: Nem, szerintem, hogy ők túl zajos. (No, I think they are too noisy.)
- Barnabás: Dehogynem! Imádom őket! (Of course I do! I love (adore) them!)
Dehogy
is used to counter a positive question whereasdehogynem/dehogynincs
counters a negative question. They can be used for more passion in a reply. Anis
is added if it is used as a follow up for more emphasis.
Jani and Pisti are talking, try to work out what they are saying!
<script type = "text/javascript"> function check_reveal(button) { var hun = document.getElementById("transcript"); var eng = document.getElementById("translation"); var none = document.getElementById("none"); if (button === 'transcript') { if (hun.style.display === "none" && eng.style.display === "none") { none.style.display = "none"; hun.style.display = "block"; }else if (hun.style.display === "none" && eng.style.display === "block") { none.style.display = "none"; eng.style.display = "none"; hun.style.display = "block"; } }else if (button === 'translation') if (eng.style.display === "none" && hun.style.display === "none") { none.style.display = "none"; eng.style.display = "block"; }else if (eng.style.display === "none" && hun.style.display === "block") { none.style.display = "none"; hun.style.display = "none"; eng.style.display = "block"; } } function clearAll() { var hun = document.getElementById("transcript"); var eng = document.getElementById("translation"); hun.style.display = "none"; eng.style.display = "none"; none.style.display = "block"; } </script> Transcript Translation ClearP: Jani,
J: Igen
P: Segíts, mi a gond?
J: A gond az, hogy nincs videó
P: De van
J: ...De nincs, ez a gond
P: Mármint, mi nincs?
J: Videó nincs. Ezen a csatornán nincs videó
P: Ezen a csatornán nincs videó
J: Igen
P: Hát ez gond...
J: Ez gond, hát ez gond!
P: Na most..
P: Jani,
J: Yes
P: Help me out, what's the issue?
J: The issue is that there is no video
P: But there is
J: ...But there isn't, that's the issue
P: Namely what isn't?
J: There's no video. There's no video on this channel
P: There's no video on this channel
J: Yes
P: Well this is an issue...
J: This is an issue, well this is an issue!
P: So now...
le-
,ki-
andel-
are coverbs- the ending
-j
as well as the-s
insegíts
mark the imperative mood -n
seen inezen
is a locative