diff --git a/multichain-testing/test/auto-stake-it.test.ts b/multichain-testing/test/auto-stake-it.test.ts
index 1716ed59efe..10e3bac8db8 100644
--- a/multichain-testing/test/auto-stake-it.test.ts
+++ b/multichain-testing/test/auto-stake-it.test.ts
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ const autoStakeItScenario = test.macro({
         chainName,
         validator: {
           value: validatorAddress,
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           chainId: remoteChainInfo.chainId,
         },
       },
diff --git a/multichain-testing/test/send-anywhere.test.ts b/multichain-testing/test/send-anywhere.test.ts
index 9f4020323e6..df4bbdca8d6 100644
--- a/multichain-testing/test/send-anywhere.test.ts
+++ b/multichain-testing/test/send-anywhere.test.ts
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ const sendAnywhereScenario = test.macro({
       const receiver = {
         chainId: chain.chain_id,
         value: (await wallet.getAccounts())[0].address,
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       };
       t.log('Will send payment to:', receiver);
       t.log(`${destChainName} offer`);
diff --git a/multichain-testing/test/stake-ica.test.ts b/multichain-testing/test/stake-ica.test.ts
index 1f2f6f3f68e..c0d118734b7 100644
--- a/multichain-testing/test/stake-ica.test.ts
+++ b/multichain-testing/test/stake-ica.test.ts
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ const stakeScenario = test.macro(async (t, scenario: StakeIcaScenario) => {
   const validatorChainAddress = {
     value: validatorAddress,
     chainId: scenario.chainId,
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
   await doOffer({
     id: delegateOfferId,
diff --git a/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/lca.test.ts b/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/lca.test.ts
index ceec92f944e..df475d8a484 100644
--- a/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/lca.test.ts
+++ b/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/lca.test.ts
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ test.serial('stakeBld', async t => {
       toAccount: {
         value: 'agoric1EOAAccAddress',
         chainId: 'agoriclocal',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       },
       amount: { denom: 'ibc/1234', value: 10n },
     },
@@ -150,6 +151,7 @@ test.serial('stakeBld', async t => {
       toAccount: {
         value: 'agoric1EOAAccAddress',
         chainId: 'agoriclocal',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       },
       amounts: [
         { denom: 'uatom', value: 10n },
@@ -174,6 +176,7 @@ test.serial('stakeBld', async t => {
         toAccount: {
           value: 'agoric1EOAAccAddress',
           chainId: 'agoriclocal',
+          encoding: 'bech32',
         },
         amount: {
           denom: 'ibc/1234',
diff --git a/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/orchestration.test.ts b/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/orchestration.test.ts
index 668a798de51..e59e5f1d20c 100644
--- a/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/orchestration.test.ts
+++ b/packages/boot/test/bootstrapTests/orchestration.test.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ const test: TestFn<
 const validatorAddress: CosmosValidatorAddress = {
   value: 'cosmosvaloper1test',
   chainId: 'gaiatest',
+  encoding: 'bech32',
 };
 
 const ATOM_DENOM = 'uatom';
@@ -235,6 +236,7 @@ test.serial('stakeAtom - smart wallet', async t => {
   const validatorAddressFail: CosmosValidatorAddress = {
     value: 'cosmosvaloper1fail',
     chainId: 'gaiatest',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
 
   // This will trigger the immediate ack of the mock bridge
diff --git a/packages/boot/test/fast-usdc/fast-usdc.test.ts b/packages/boot/test/fast-usdc/fast-usdc.test.ts
index 21fc93e4ea4..880b89588be 100644
--- a/packages/boot/test/fast-usdc/fast-usdc.test.ts
+++ b/packages/boot/test/fast-usdc/fast-usdc.test.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ test.after.always(t => t.context.shutdown?.());
 
 test.serial('oracles provision before contract deployment', async t => {
   const { walletFactoryDriver: wfd } = t.context;
-  const watcherWallet = await wfd.provideSmartWallet('agoric1watcher1');
+  const [watcherWallet] = await Promise.all(
+    oracleAddrs.map(addr => wfd.provideSmartWallet(addr)),
+  );
   t.truthy(watcherWallet);
 });
 
@@ -75,9 +77,7 @@ test.serial(
       walletFactoryDriver: wfd,
     } = t.context;
 
-    const [watcherWallet] = await Promise.all(
-      oracleAddrs.map(addr => wfd.provideSmartWallet(addr)),
-    );
+    const watcherWallet = await wfd.provideSmartWallet(oracleAddrs[0]);
 
     // inbound `startChannelOpenInit` responses immediately.
     // needed since the Fusdc StartFn relies on an ICA being created
diff --git a/packages/boot/test/orchestration/restart-contracts.test.ts b/packages/boot/test/orchestration/restart-contracts.test.ts
index 63dd30518e4..593f4b71deb 100644
--- a/packages/boot/test/orchestration/restart-contracts.test.ts
+++ b/packages/boot/test/orchestration/restart-contracts.test.ts
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ test.serial('send-anywhere', async t => {
 const validatorAddress: CosmosValidatorAddress = {
   value: 'cosmosvaloper1test',
   chainId: 'gaiatest',
+  encoding: 'bech32',
 };
 const ATOM_DENOM = 'uatom';
 
diff --git a/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.md b/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.md
index b7e8a61bc42..4030cf35908 100644
--- a/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.md
+++ b/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.md
@@ -14,20 +14,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
           Object @match:string {
             payload: [],
           },
-          Object @match:splitRecord {
-            payload: [
-              {
-                chainId: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-                value: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-              },
-              {
-                encoding: 'bech32',
-              },
-            ],
+          {
+            chainId: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            encoding: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            value: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
           },
         ],
       },
@@ -87,20 +83,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
           },
         ],
       },
-      ChainAddressShape: Object @match:splitRecord {
-        payload: [
-          {
-            chainId: Object @match:string {
-              payload: [],
-            },
-            value: Object @match:string {
-              payload: [],
-            },
-          },
-          {
-            encoding: 'bech32',
-          },
-        ],
+      ChainAddressShape: {
+        chainId: Object @match:string {
+          payload: [],
+        },
+        encoding: Object @match:string {
+          payload: [],
+        },
+        value: Object @match:string {
+          payload: [],
+        },
       },
       ChainInfoShape: Object @match:splitRecord {
         payload: [
@@ -153,20 +145,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
           },
         ],
       },
-      CosmosChainAddressShape: Object @match:splitRecord {
-        payload: [
-          {
-            chainId: Object @match:string {
-              payload: [],
-            },
-            value: Object @match:string {
-              payload: [],
-            },
-          },
-          {
-            encoding: 'bech32',
-          },
-        ],
+      CosmosChainAddressShape: {
+        chainId: Object @match:string {
+          payload: [],
+        },
+        encoding: Object @match:string {
+          payload: [],
+        },
+        value: Object @match:string {
+          payload: [],
+        },
       },
       CosmosChainInfoShape: Object @match:splitRecord {
         payload: [
@@ -232,37 +220,29 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
                 },
               ],
             },
-            validator: Object @match:splitRecord {
-              payload: [
-                {
-                  chainId: Object @match:string {
-                    payload: [],
-                  },
-                  value: Object @match:string {
-                    payload: [],
-                  },
-                },
-                {
-                  encoding: 'bech32',
-                },
-              ],
+            validator: {
+              chainId: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
+              encoding: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
+              value: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
             },
           },
           {
-            delegator: Object @match:splitRecord {
-              payload: [
-                {
-                  chainId: Object @match:string {
-                    payload: [],
-                  },
-                  value: Object @match:string {
-                    payload: [],
-                  },
-                },
-                {
-                  encoding: 'bech32',
-                },
-              ],
+            delegator: {
+              chainId: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
+              encoding: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
+              value: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
             },
           },
         ],
@@ -371,20 +351,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
         payload: [
           {},
           {
-            intermediateRecipient: Object @match:splitRecord {
-              payload: [
-                {
-                  chainId: Object @match:string {
-                    payload: [],
-                  },
-                  value: Object @match:string {
-                    payload: [],
-                  },
-                },
-                {
-                  encoding: 'bech32',
-                },
-              ],
+            intermediateRecipient: {
+              chainId: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
+              encoding: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
+              value: Object @match:string {
+                payload: [],
+              },
             },
             retries: Object @match:kind {
               payload: 'number',
@@ -487,20 +463,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
               payload: [
                 {},
                 {
-                  intermediateRecipient: Object @match:splitRecord {
-                    payload: [
-                      {
-                        chainId: Object @match:string {
-                          payload: [],
-                        },
-                        value: Object @match:string {
-                          payload: [],
-                        },
-                      },
-                      {
-                        encoding: 'bech32',
-                      },
-                    ],
+                  intermediateRecipient: {
+                    chainId: Object @match:string {
+                      payload: [],
+                    },
+                    encoding: Object @match:string {
+                      payload: [],
+                    },
+                    value: Object @match:string {
+                      payload: [],
+                    },
                   },
                   retries: Object @match:kind {
                     payload: 'number',
diff --git a/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.snap b/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.snap
index dfa11462cc5..44d4ef6c72d 100644
Binary files a/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.snap and b/packages/builders/test/snapshots/orchestration-imports.test.js.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/src/exos/transaction-feed.js b/packages/fast-usdc/src/exos/transaction-feed.js
index 33d76f4bbc8..98e668357bf 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/src/exos/transaction-feed.js
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/src/exos/transaction-feed.js
@@ -209,20 +209,19 @@ export const prepareTransactionFeedKit = (zone, zcf) => {
           let lastEvidence;
           for (const store of found) {
             const next = store.get(txHash);
-            if (lastEvidence) {
-              if (keyEQ(lastEvidence, next)) {
-                lastEvidence = next;
-              } else {
-                trace(
-                  '🚨 conflicting evidence for',
-                  txHash,
-                  ':',
-                  lastEvidence,
-                  '!=',
-                  next,
-                );
-                Fail`conflicting evidence for ${quote(txHash)}`;
-              }
+            if (lastEvidence && !keyEQ(lastEvidence, next)) {
+              // Ignore conflicting evidence, but treat it as an error
+              // because it should never happen and needs to be prevented
+              // from happening again.
+              trace(
+                '🚨 conflicting evidence for',
+                txHash,
+                ':',
+                lastEvidence,
+                '!=',
+                next,
+              );
+              Fail`conflicting evidence for ${quote(txHash)}`;
             }
             lastEvidence = next;
           }
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/src/start-fast-usdc.core.js b/packages/fast-usdc/src/start-fast-usdc.core.js
index 6f7efc8f590..e13fbc4d597 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/src/start-fast-usdc.core.js
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/src/start-fast-usdc.core.js
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ const POOL_METRICS = 'poolMetrics';
  * }} FastUSDCCorePowers
  *
  * @typedef {StartedInstanceKitWithLabel & {
+ *   publicFacet: StartedInstanceKit<FastUsdcSF>['publicFacet'];
  *   creatorFacet: StartedInstanceKit<FastUsdcSF>['creatorFacet'];
  *   privateArgs: StartParams<FastUsdcSF>['privateArgs'];
  * }} FastUSDCKit
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/advancer.test.ts b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/advancer.test.ts
index 26bb3c29158..e21d52c13b6 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/advancer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/advancer.test.ts
@@ -251,6 +251,7 @@ test('updates status to ADVANCING in happy path', async t => {
         },
         destination: {
           chainId: 'osmosis-1',
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           value: 'osmo183dejcnmkka5dzcu9xw6mywq0p2m5peks28men',
         },
       },
@@ -659,6 +660,7 @@ test('will not advance same txHash:chainId evidence twice', async t => {
         advanceAmount: { brand: usdc.brand, value: 146999999n },
         destination: {
           chainId: 'osmosis-1',
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           value: 'osmo183dejcnmkka5dzcu9xw6mywq0p2m5peks28men',
         },
       },
@@ -911,6 +913,7 @@ test('uses bank send for agoric1 EUD', async t => {
         },
         destination: {
           chainId: 'agoric-3',
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           value: 'agoric13rj0cc0hm5ac2nt0sdup2l7gvkx4v9tyvgq3h2',
         },
       },
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/settler.test.ts b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/settler.test.ts
index 31e5c4b2ece..61ea505df15 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/settler.test.ts
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/settler.test.ts
@@ -371,6 +371,7 @@ test('slow path: forward to EUD; remove pending tx', async t => {
         forwardOpts: {
           intermediateRecipient: {
             chainId: 'noble-1',
+            encoding: 'bech32',
             value: 'noble1test',
           },
         },
@@ -445,6 +446,7 @@ test('skip advance: forward to EUD; remove pending tx', async t => {
         forwardOpts: {
           intermediateRecipient: {
             chainId: 'noble-1',
+            encoding: 'bech32',
             value: 'noble1test',
           },
         },
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.md b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.md
index 8e879733071..8f795a6e31b 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.md
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.md
@@ -17,20 +17,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
           Object @match:kind {
             payload: 'undefined',
           },
-          Object @match:splitRecord {
-            payload: [
-              {
-                chainId: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-                value: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-              },
-              {
-                encoding: 'bech32',
-              },
-            ],
+          {
+            chainId: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            encoding: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            value: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
           },
         ],
       },
@@ -45,20 +41,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
           Object @match:kind {
             payload: 'undefined',
           },
-          Object @match:splitRecord {
-            payload: [
-              {
-                chainId: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-                value: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-              },
-              {
-                encoding: 'bech32',
-              },
-            ],
+          {
+            chainId: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            encoding: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            value: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
           },
         ],
       },
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.snap b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.snap
index 14586bdbd08..b807bae2ec4 100644
Binary files a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.snap and b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/advancer.test.ts.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.md b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.md
index 66f5262a1e6..2ac29525e21 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.md
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.md
@@ -14,20 +14,16 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
           Object @match:kind {
             payload: 'undefined',
           },
-          Object @match:splitRecord {
-            payload: [
-              {
-                chainId: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-                value: Object @match:string {
-                  payload: [],
-                },
-              },
-              {
-                encoding: 'bech32',
-              },
-            ],
+          {
+            chainId: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            encoding: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
+            value: Object @match:string {
+              payload: [],
+            },
           },
         ],
       },
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.snap b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.snap
index 5c62f284d2d..51f80fcb163 100644
Binary files a/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.snap and b/packages/fast-usdc/test/exos/snapshots/settler.test.ts.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/fixtures.ts b/packages/fast-usdc/test/fixtures.ts
index 7a5410e7448..130f278a5b8 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/test/fixtures.ts
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/test/fixtures.ts
@@ -197,10 +197,12 @@ export const MockVTransferEvents: Record<
 export const intermediateRecipient: CosmosChainAddress = harden({
   chainId: 'noble-1',
   value: 'noble1test',
+  encoding: 'bech32',
 });
 
 export const settlementAddress: CosmosChainAddress = harden({
   chainId: 'agoric-3',
+  encoding: 'bech32' as const,
   // Random value, copied from tests of address hooks
   value: 'agoric16kv2g7snfc4q24vg3pjdlnnqgngtjpwtetd2h689nz09lcklvh5s8u37ek',
 });
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.md b/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.md
index 06a347a660e..df1cc4e571c 100644
--- a/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.md
+++ b/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.md
@@ -1530,16 +1530,6 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
         LocalChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         Orchestrator_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         RemoteChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
-        chainName: {
-          agoric: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: LocalChainFacade public {},
-          },
-          noble: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: RemoteChainFacade public {},
-          },
-        },
         ibcTools: {
           IBCTransferSenderKit_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
           ibcResultWatcher_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
@@ -3276,16 +3266,6 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
         LocalChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         Orchestrator_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         RemoteChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
-        chainName: {
-          agoric: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: LocalChainFacade public {},
-          },
-          noble: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: RemoteChainFacade public {},
-          },
-        },
         ibcTools: {
           IBCTransferSenderKit_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
           ibcResultWatcher_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
diff --git a/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.snap b/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.snap
index 0e5e7133207..6cfb1231583 100644
Binary files a/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.snap and b/packages/fast-usdc/test/snapshots/fast-usdc.contract.test.ts.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/cosmos-api.ts b/packages/orchestration/src/cosmos-api.ts
index 605d56a43e3..801d6f22bce 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/cosmos-api.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/cosmos-api.ts
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ export type Bech32Address = `${string}1${string}`;
 export type CosmosValidatorAddress = CosmosChainAddress & {
   // infix for Validator Operator https://docs.cosmos.network/main/learn/beginner/accounts#addresses
   value: `${string}valoper${string}`;
+  encoding: 'bech32';
 };
 
 /** Represents an IBC Connection between two chains, which can contain multiple Channels. */
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/examples/send-anywhere.flows.js b/packages/orchestration/src/examples/send-anywhere.flows.js
index 58466e31d8f..6022fcb40f1 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/examples/send-anywhere.flows.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/examples/send-anywhere.flows.js
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ export const sendIt = async (
     await sharedLocalAccount.transfer(
       {
         value: destAddr,
+        encoding: 'bech32',
         chainId,
       },
       { denom, value: amt.value },
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/examples/stake-bld.contract.js b/packages/orchestration/src/examples/stake-bld.contract.js
index 7b0741130ed..db657e1235c 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/examples/stake-bld.contract.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/examples/stake-bld.contract.js
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ export const start = async (zcf, privateArgs, baggage) => {
       account,
       address: harden({
         value: address,
+        encoding: 'bech32',
         chainId: 'agoriclocal',
       }),
       storageNode: privateArgs.storageNode,
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/chain-hub.js b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/chain-hub.js
index eef5f835b2b..49026b13cdc 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/chain-hub.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/chain-hub.js
@@ -533,6 +533,7 @@ export const makeChainHub = (zone, agoricNames, vowTools) => {
         assert.equal(parsed.namespace, 'cosmos');
         return harden({
           chainId: parsed.reference,
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           value: parsed.accountAddress,
         });
       }
@@ -541,6 +542,7 @@ export const makeChainHub = (zone, agoricNames, vowTools) => {
       return harden({
         chainId,
         value: parsed.accountAddress,
+        encoding: /** @type {const} */ ('bech32'),
       });
     },
     // TODO document whether this is limited to IBC
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/ica-account-kit.js b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/ica-account-kit.js
index 33afee99554..2dcadf3fbd5 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/ica-account-kit.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/ica-account-kit.js
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ export const prepareIcaAccountKit = (zone, { watch, asVow }) =>
           this.state.chainAddress = harden({
             value: address || UNPARSABLE_CHAIN_ADDRESS,
             chainId: this.state.chainId,
+            encoding: 'bech32',
           });
         },
         /**
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/local-chain-facade.js b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/local-chain-facade.js
index fec218a3009..a13d8a96829 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/local-chain-facade.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/local-chain-facade.js
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@ const prepareLocalChainFacadeKit = (
             account,
             address: harden({
               value: address,
+              encoding: 'bech32',
               chainId: localChainInfo.chainId,
             }),
             // FIXME storage path https://github.com/Agoric/agoric-sdk/issues/9066
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/orchestrator.js b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/orchestrator.js
index 0d5dae350b8..d4a596ad7f5 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/orchestrator.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/orchestrator.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /** @file Orchestrator exo */
 import { AmountShape } from '@agoric/ertp';
-import { pickFacet } from '@agoric/vat-data';
+import { makeScalarMapStore, pickFacet } from '@agoric/vat-data';
 import { makeTracer } from '@agoric/internal';
 import { Shape as NetworkShape } from '@agoric/network';
 import { Fail, q } from '@endo/errors';
@@ -61,8 +61,12 @@ const prepareOrchestratorKit = (
    * @typedef {{ vow: Vow<T>; pending: true } | { value: T; pending: false }} MaybePendingValue
    */
 
-  /** @type {MapStore<string, MaybePendingValue<HostInterface<Chain>>>} */
-  const chainByName = zone.mapStore('chainName');
+  /**
+   * heap store is fine for a cache
+   *
+   * @type {MapStore<string, MaybePendingValue<HostInterface<Chain>>>}
+   */
+  const chainByName = makeScalarMapStore('chainName');
 
   return zone.exoClassKit(
     'Orchestrator',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.js b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.js
index e232335edb9..0b8f213796d 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.js
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ const preparePortfolioHolderKit = (zone, { asVow, when }) => {
  *     {
  *       value: 'cosmos1valoper',
  *       chainId: 'cosmoshub-99',
+ *       encoding: 'bech32',
  *     },
  *     {
  *       denom: 'uatom',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/orchestration-api.ts b/packages/orchestration/src/orchestration-api.ts
index bfb7736530e..8e3954b736a 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/orchestration-api.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/orchestration-api.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ export type CosmosChainAddress = {
   chainId: string;
   /** The address value used on-chain */
   value: string;
+  encoding: 'bech32' | 'ethereum';
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/typeGuards.js b/packages/orchestration/src/typeGuards.js
index 3dd18448309..3085af7a913 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/typeGuards.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/typeGuards.js
@@ -29,16 +29,12 @@ export const OutboundConnectionHandlerI = M.interface(
 
 // XXX @type {TypedPattern<CosmosChainAddress>} but that's causing error:
 // Declaration emit for this file requires using private name 'validatedType' from module '"/opt/agoric/agoric-sdk/packages/internal/src/types"'. An explicit type annotation may unblock declaration emit.
-export const CosmosChainAddressShape = M.splitRecord(
-  {
-    chainId: M.string(),
-    value: M.string(),
-  },
-  {
-    // Ignored but maintained for backwards compatibility
-    encoding: 'bech32',
-  },
-);
+export const CosmosChainAddressShape = {
+  chainId: M.string(),
+  // Ignored but maintained for backwards compatibility
+  encoding: M.string(),
+  value: M.string(),
+};
 harden(CosmosChainAddressShape);
 /** @deprecated use CosmosChainAddressShape */
 export const ChainAddressShape = CosmosChainAddressShape;
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/types.ts b/packages/orchestration/src/types.ts
index 7a0b23566e4..e20fdc40b18 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/types.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 /** @file Rollup of all type definitions in the package, for local import and external export */
 
+// For ZCF which is only available ambiently
+/// <reference types="@agoric/zoe/src/contractFacet/types-ambient" />
+
 export type * from './chain-info.js';
 export type * from './cosmos-api.js';
 export type * from './ethereum-api.js';
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/utils/cosmos.js b/packages/orchestration/src/utils/cosmos.js
index 85310370555..5082a1c5ed9 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/utils/cosmos.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/utils/cosmos.js
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ export const toTruncatedDenomAmount = c => ({
  * ) => CosmosValidatorAddress}
  */
 export const toCosmosValidatorAddress = (r, chainId) => ({
+  encoding: 'bech32',
   value: /** @type {CosmosValidatorAddress['value']} */ (r.validatorAddress),
   chainId,
 });
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ export const toCosmosValidatorAddress = (r, chainId) => ({
 export const toCosmosDelegationResponse = ({ chainId }, r) => ({
   delegator: {
     chainId,
+    encoding: 'bech32',
     value: r.delegation.delegatorAddress,
   },
   validator: toCosmosValidatorAddress(r.delegation, chainId),
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/src/utils/orc.js b/packages/orchestration/src/utils/orc.js
index 9e8e86c5ab8..47a0d260e8f 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/src/utils/orc.js
+++ b/packages/orchestration/src/utils/orc.js
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ export const orcUtils = {
       toAccount: {
         chainId: 'osmosis-test',
         value: 'osmo1234',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       },
     };
   },
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ export const orcUtils = {
       toAccount: {
         chainId: 'osmosis-test',
         value: 'osmo1234',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       },
     };
   },
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/auto-stake-it.contract.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/auto-stake-it.contract.test.ts
index f96b05a7aac..d462e7e236c 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/auto-stake-it.contract.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/auto-stake-it.contract.test.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ test('make accounts, register tap, return invitationMakers', async t => {
     validator: {
       chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
       value: 'cosmosvaloper1test',
+      encoding: 'bech32',
     },
   });
   const result = await heapVowE(userSeat).getOfferResult();
@@ -136,6 +137,7 @@ test('make accounts, register tap, return invitationMakers', async t => {
     validator: {
       chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
       value: 'cosmosvaloper1test',
+      encoding: 'bech32',
     },
   });
   const { publicSubscribers: pubSubs2 } =
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.md b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.md
index 7a169967c91..da8fa18a1e4 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.md
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.md
@@ -4716,16 +4716,6 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
         LocalChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         Orchestrator_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         RemoteChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
-        chainName: {
-          agoric: {
-            pending: true,
-            vow: Object @Vow {
-              payload: {
-                vowV0: Object @Alleged: VowInternalsKit vowV0 {},
-              },
-            },
-          },
-        },
         ibcTools: {
           IBCTransferSenderKit_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
           ibcResultWatcher_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.snap b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.snap
index 5a8397638f0..0e546206182 100644
Binary files a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.snap and b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/send-anywhere.test.ts.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.md b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.md
index a980b9e0366..988e7ca6faf 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.md
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.md
@@ -204,16 +204,6 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
         LocalChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         Orchestrator_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         RemoteChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
-        chainName: {
-          agoric: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: LocalChainFacade public {},
-          },
-          cosmoshub: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: RemoteChainFacade public {},
-          },
-        },
         ibcTools: {
           IBCTransferSenderKit_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
           ibcResultWatcher_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.snap b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.snap
index 49117d40b18..cf5069eaed4 100644
Binary files a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.snap and b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/staking-combinations.test.ts.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.md b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.md
index 38afb579572..4183011ae3d 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.md
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.md
@@ -156,16 +156,6 @@ Generated by [AVA](https://avajs.dev).
         LocalChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         Orchestrator_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
         RemoteChainFacade_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
-        chainName: {
-          osmosis: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: RemoteChainFacade public {},
-          },
-          stride: {
-            pending: false,
-            value: Object @Alleged: RemoteChainFacade public {},
-          },
-        },
         ibcTools: {
           IBCTransferSenderKit_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
           ibcResultWatcher_kindHandle: 'Alleged: kind',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.snap b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.snap
index fbf1182ba9f..a4f86b7a9dd 100644
Binary files a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.snap and b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/snapshots/unbond.contract.test.ts.snap differ
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/stake-ica.contract.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/stake-ica.contract.test.ts
index 7d54031782b..d1956b72d96 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/stake-ica.contract.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/stake-ica.contract.test.ts
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ test('makeAccount, getAddress', async t => {
     t.truthy(account, 'account is returned');
     const chainAddress = await E(account).getAddress();
     t.regex(chainAddress.value, /cosmos1/);
-    t.like(chainAddress, { chainId: 'cosmoshub-4' });
+    t.like(chainAddress, { chainId: 'cosmoshub-4', encoding: 'bech32' });
 
     const accountP = E(publicFacet).makeAccount();
     const { value: address2 } = await E(accountP).getAddress();
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ test('delegate, undelegate, redelegate, withdrawReward', async t => {
   const validatorAddr = {
     value: 'cosmosvaloper1test' as const,
     chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+    encoding: 'bech32' as const,
   };
   const delegation = {
     denom: 'uatom',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/staking-combinations.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/staking-combinations.test.ts
index 8f5eb82b809..6ef704c2376 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/staking-combinations.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/staking-combinations.test.ts
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'start', async t => {
       validator: {
         chainId: 'cosmoshub',
         value: 'cosmosvaloper1test',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       },
     },
   );
@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'start', async t => {
   const destination = {
     chainId: 'osmosis-1',
     value: 'osmo1receiver',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
   const undelegateAndTransferInv = await E(
     result.invitationMakers,
@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'start', async t => {
       {
         validator: {
           value: 'osmovaloper1test',
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           chainId: 'osmosis',
         },
         amount: { denom: 'uosmo', value: 100n },
@@ -227,6 +230,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'start', async t => {
         validator: {
           chainId: 'cosmoshub',
           value: 'cosmosvaloper1test',
+          encoding: 'bech32',
         },
       },
     );
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/swap.contract.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/swap.contract.test.ts
index 3f9a7ddbcbf..7eb8869eb38 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/examples/swap.contract.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/examples/swap.contract.test.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ test('start', async t => {
       validator: {
         chainId: 'agoric-3',
         value: 'agoric1valoperfufu',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       } as const,
     },
   );
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub-transfer-routes.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub-transfer-routes.test.ts
index 5aa33e85648..5b8596e6ee9 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub-transfer-routes.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub-transfer-routes.test.ts
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ test('takes forwardOpts', t => {
 
   const nobleAddr = harden({
     value: 'noble1234',
+    encoding: 'bech32' as const,
     chainId: 'noble-1',
   });
 
@@ -254,6 +255,7 @@ test('takes forwardOpts', t => {
 const nobleDest: CosmosChainAddress = harden({
   value: 'noble1234',
   chainId: 'noble-1',
+  encoding: 'bech32',
 });
 
 test('no chain info', t => {
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub.test.ts
index fd6491b6df8..d905c0b4c05 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/chain-hub.test.ts
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ test('makeChainAddress', async t => {
   t.deepEqual(chainHub.makeChainAddress(MOCK_ICA_ADDRESS), {
     chainId: 'osmosis-1',
     value: MOCK_ICA_ADDRESS,
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   });
 
   t.throws(
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/cosmos-orchestration-account.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/cosmos-orchestration-account.test.ts
index a59105a5cc3..f590bfa7af0 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/cosmos-orchestration-account.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/cosmos-orchestration-account.test.ts
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ test('send (to addr on same chain)', async t => {
   const toAddress: CosmosChainAddress = {
     value: 'cosmos99test',
     chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
 
   // single send
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@ test('transfer', async t => {
   const mockDestination: CosmosChainAddress = {
     value: 'noble1test',
     chainId: 'noble-1',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
   const mockAmountArg: AmountArg = { value: 10n, denom: 'ibc/uusdchash' };
   const res = E(account).transfer(mockDestination, mockAmountArg);
@@ -533,6 +535,7 @@ test('StakingAccountQueries', async t => {
     const mockValidator: CosmosValidatorAddress = {
       value: 'cosmosvaloper1xyz',
       chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+      encoding: 'bech32',
     };
 
     const makeDelegationReq = () =>
@@ -767,6 +770,7 @@ test('StakingAccountQueries', async t => {
   const mockValidator: CosmosValidatorAddress = {
     value: 'cosmosvaloper1xyz',
     chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
 
   // Test getDelegation
@@ -775,10 +779,12 @@ test('StakingAccountQueries', async t => {
     amount: { denom: 'uatom', value: 1000000n },
     delegator: {
       chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+      encoding: 'bech32',
       value: 'cosmos1test',
     },
     validator: {
       chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+      encoding: 'bech32',
       value: mockValidator.value,
     },
   });
@@ -791,10 +797,12 @@ test('StakingAccountQueries', async t => {
 
       delegator: {
         chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
         value: 'cosmos1test',
       },
       validator: {
         chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
         value: mockValidator.value,
       },
     },
@@ -874,6 +882,7 @@ test('StakingAccountQueries', async t => {
     rewards: [
       {
         validator: {
+          encoding: 'bech32',
           value: mockValidator.value,
           chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
         },
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/local-orchestration-account-kit.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/local-orchestration-account-kit.test.ts
index 3e53d8da200..0c8421721f6 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/local-orchestration-account-kit.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/local-orchestration-account-kit.test.ts
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'transfer', async t => {
   const destination: CosmosChainAddress = {
     chainId: 'cosmoshub-4',
     value: 'cosmos1pleab',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
 
   /** The running tally of transfer messages that were sent over the bridge */
@@ -205,6 +206,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'transfer', async t => {
   const unknownDestination: CosmosChainAddress = {
     chainId: 'fakenet',
     value: 'fakenet1pleab',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
   // XXX dev has to know not to startTransfer here
   await t.throwsAsync(
@@ -284,6 +286,7 @@ test(expectUnhandled(1), 'transfer', async t => {
   );
   const dydxDest: CosmosChainAddress = {
     chainId: 'dydx-mainnet-1',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
     value: 'dydx1test',
   };
   const aDenomAmount: DenomAmount = {
@@ -393,6 +396,7 @@ test('send', async t => {
   const toAddress = {
     value: 'agoric1EOAAccAddress',
     chainId: 'agoric-3',
+    encoding: 'bech32' as const,
   };
 
   t.log(`send 10 bld to ${toAddress.value}`);
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/make-test-loa-kit.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/make-test-loa-kit.ts
index 235507ff5e7..79126fa9f59 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/make-test-loa-kit.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/make-test-loa-kit.ts
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ export const prepareMakeTestLOAKit = (
       address: harden({
         value: address,
         chainId: 'agoric-3',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       }),
       storageNode: storageNode.makeChildNode(address),
     });
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.test.ts
index e881925aa05..b456399b57c 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/exos/portfolio-holder-kit.test.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ test('portfolio holder kit behaviors', async t => {
       {
         value: 'cosmos1valoper',
         chainId: 'cosmoshub-99',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
       },
       {
         denom: 'uatom',
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/staking-ops.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/staking-ops.test.ts
index 8c811ccc187..33434eb2c45 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/staking-ops.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/staking-ops.test.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ const configStaking = {
   },
   validator: {
     value: 'agoric1valoper234',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
     chainId: 'agoric-3',
   },
   delegations: {
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ const configStaking = {
 const configRedelegate = {
   validator: {
     value: 'agoric1valoper444',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
     chainId: 'atom-test',
   },
   delegations: {
@@ -156,6 +158,7 @@ const makeScenario = () => {
 
     const chainAddress: CosmosChainAddress = harden({
       value: addr,
+      encoding: 'bech32',
       chainId: 'mock-1',
     });
 
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/tx-encoding.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/tx-encoding.test.ts
index 0324e107fc3..1206536f1a7 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/tx-encoding.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/tx-encoding.test.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const scenario1 = {
   acct1: {
     address: 'agoric1spy36ltduehs5dmszfrp792f0k2emcntrql3nx',
   },
-  validator: { address: 'agoric1valoper234' },
+  validator: { address: 'agoric1valoper234', encoding: 'bech32' },
   delegations: {
     agoric1valoper234: { denom: 'uatom', amount: '200' },
   },
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/typeGuards.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/typeGuards.test.ts
index 4f3258cc15d..5ce80a6dbed 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/typeGuards.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/typeGuards.test.ts
@@ -9,30 +9,33 @@ test('CosmosChainAddress', t => {
   mustMatch(
     harden({
       chainId: 'noble-1',
+      encoding: 'bech32',
       value: 'noble1test',
     }),
     CosmosChainAddressShape,
   );
 
+  t.throws(() =>
+    mustMatch(
+      harden({
+        chainId: 'noble-1',
+        encoding: 'bech32',
+        value: 'noble1test',
+        extraField: 'extraValue',
+      }),
+      CosmosChainAddressShape,
+    ),
+  );
+
   mustMatch(
     harden({
       chainId: 'noble-1',
+      // ignored
+      encoding: 'invalid',
       value: 'noble1test',
-      extraField: 'extraValue',
     }),
     CosmosChainAddressShape,
   );
-
-  t.throws(() => {
-    mustMatch(
-      harden({
-        chainId: 'noble-1',
-        encoding: 'bech32boo',
-        value: 'noble1test',
-      }),
-      CosmosChainAddressShape,
-    );
-  });
 });
 
 test('backwards compatibility', t => {
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/types.test-d.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/types.test-d.ts
index 7157ad621ab..a5c96b352a8 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/types.test-d.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/types.test-d.ts
@@ -43,12 +43,14 @@ const vt: VowTools = null as any;
 const validatorAddr = {
   chainId: 'agoric3',
   value: 'agoric1valoperhello',
+  encoding: 'bech32',
 } as const;
 expectType<CosmosValidatorAddress>(validatorAddr);
 
 const chainAddr = {
   chainId: 'agoric-3',
   value: 'agoric1pleab',
+  encoding: 'bech32',
 } as const;
 expectType<CosmosChainAddress>(chainAddr);
 expectNotType<CosmosValidatorAddress>(chainAddr);
@@ -259,6 +261,7 @@ expectNotType<CosmosValidatorAddress>(chainAddr);
 {
   const addr = {
     chainId: 'chainId',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
     value: 'agoric1valoperfoo',
   };
   expectAssignable<Passable>(addr);
diff --git a/packages/orchestration/test/utils/zoe-tools.test.ts b/packages/orchestration/test/utils/zoe-tools.test.ts
index 33b7ecd1d1e..dbe5a5252c2 100644
--- a/packages/orchestration/test/utils/zoe-tools.test.ts
+++ b/packages/orchestration/test/utils/zoe-tools.test.ts
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ test('zoeTool.localTransfer error paths', async t => {
   const destAddr = {
     chainId: 'agoriclocal',
     value: 'agoric1testrecipient',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
 
   t.log('localTransfer recovers when presented non-vbank asset');
@@ -232,6 +233,7 @@ test('localTransfer happy path', async t => {
   const destAddr = {
     chainId: 'agoriclocal',
     value: 'agoric1testrecipient',
+    encoding: 'bech32',
   };
 
   const tenStable = ist.make(10n);