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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-theme="light"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"><title>Python进阶（一）面向对象基础 | BEIDAO.</title><meta name="keywords" content="面向对象编程,Python进阶"><meta name="author" content="Beidaos"><meta name="copyright" content="Beidaos"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="theme-color" content="#C6B3B1"><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-touch-fullscreen" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Python进阶（一）面向对象基础"><meta name="application-name" content="Python进阶（一）面向对象基础"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default"><link rel="bookmark" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="512x512" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:320px) and (device-height:568px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1136x640.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:320px) and (device-height:568px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_640x1136.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2688x1242.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1792x828.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1125x2436.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_828x1792.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2436x1125.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1242x2208.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2208x1242.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1334x750.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_750x1334.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:1024px) and (device-height:1366px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2732x2048.png"><meta name="description" content="目标 理解面向对象 类和对象 添加和获取对象属性 魔法方法 一. 理解面向对象 面向对象是一种抽象化的编程思想，很多编程语言中都有的一种思想。 例如：洗衣服 思考：几种途径可以完成洗衣服？ 答： 手洗 和 机洗。 手洗：找盆 - 放水 - 加洗衣粉 - 浸泡 - 搓洗 - 拧干水 - 倒水 - 漂洗N次 - 拧干 - 晾晒。 机洗：打开洗衣机 - 放衣服 - 加洗衣粉 - 按下开始按钮 - 晾">
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src="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/AnZhiJJ/Blog_Img@main/博客站点配图/python-logo.6puefdh4wtk0.png"></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="目标">目标</h1>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">理解面向对象</li>
<li class="lvl-2">类和对象</li>
<li class="lvl-2">添加和获取对象属性</li>
<li class="lvl-2">魔法方法</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="一-理解面向对象">一. 理解面向对象</h1>
<p>面向对象是一种抽象化的编程思想，很多编程语言中都有的一种思想。</p>
<p>例如：洗衣服</p>
<p>思考：几种途径可以完成洗衣服？</p>
<p>答： 手洗 和 机洗。</p>
<p>手洗：找盆 - 放水 - 加洗衣粉 - 浸泡 - 搓洗 - 拧干水 - 倒水 - 漂洗N次 - 拧干 - 晾晒。</p>
<p>机洗：打开洗衣机 - 放衣服 - 加洗衣粉 - 按下开始按钮 - 晾晒。</p>
<p>思考：对比两种洗衣服途径，同学们发现了什么？</p>
<p>答：机洗更简单</p>
<p>思考：机洗，只需要找到一台洗衣机，加入简单操作就可以完成洗衣服的工作，而不需要关心洗衣机内部发生了什么事情。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>面向对象编程相当于洗衣机制造商作用。</p>
<p>总结：<mark>面向对象就是将编程当成是一个事物，对外界来说，事物是直接使用的，不用去管他内部的情况。而编程就是设置事物能够做什么事。</mark></p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="二-类和对象">二. 类和对象</h1>
<p>思考：洗衣机洗衣服描述过程中，洗衣机其实就是一个事物，即对象，洗衣机对象哪来的呢？</p>
<p>答：洗衣机是由工厂工人制作出来。</p>
<p>思考：工厂工人怎么制作出的洗衣机？</p>
<p>答：工人根据设计师设计的功能图纸制作洗衣机。</p>
<p>总结：图纸 → 洗衣机 → 洗衣服。</p>
<p>在面向对象编程过程中，有两个重要组成部分：<mark>类</mark> 和 <mark>对象</mark>。</p>
<p>==类和对象的关系：用类去创建一个对象。==也称，<strong>用类实例化一个对象</strong>。</p>
<h2 id="2-1-理解类和对象">2.1 理解类和对象</h2>
<h3 id="2-1-1-类">2.1.1 类</h3>
<p><strong>类</strong>是对一系列具有相同<mark>特征</mark>和<mark>行为</mark>的事物的统称，是一个<mark>抽象的概念</mark>，不是真实存在的事物。</p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>特征即是属性（变量）</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>行为即是方法（函数）</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>类</strong>比如是制造洗衣机时要用到的<strong>图纸</strong>，也就是说<mark>类是用来创建对象</mark>。洗衣机功能类似程序中的函数。</p>
<img src= "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-lazy-src="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/AnZhiJJ/Blog_Img@Python/pythonStudy_img/image-20190222154356953.png" alt="image-20190222154356953" style="zoom: 25%;" />
<h3 id="2-1-2-对象">2.1.2 对象</h3>
<p><strong>对象</strong>是类创建出来的真实存在的<strong>事物</strong>，例如：洗衣机。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：开发中，先有类，再有对象。</p>
</blockquote>
<img src= "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-lazy-src="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/AnZhiJJ/Blog_Img@Python/pythonStudy_img/image-20190222154727379.png" alt="image-20190222154727379" style="zoom:33%;" />
<h2 id="2-2-面向对象实现方法">2.2 面向对象实现方法</h2>
<h3 id="2-2-1-定义类">2.2.1 定义类</h3>
<p>Python2中类分为：经典类 和 新式类</p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">类名</span>(): <span class="comment"># 小括号是放要继承的类的类名</span></span><br><span class="line"> 代码</span><br><span class="line"> ......</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：类名要满足标识符命名规则，同时遵循<mark>大驼峰命名习惯</mark>。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">wash</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'我会洗衣服'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>拓展：经典类</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>不由任意内置类型派生出的类，称之为经典类</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">类名</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> 代码</span><br><span class="line"> ......</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-2-2-创建对象">2.2.2 创建对象</h3>
<p><strong>对象又名实例。</strong></p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">对象名 = 类名() <span class="comment"># 对象即实例</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建对象</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># <__main__.Washer object at 0x0000018B7B224240></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(haier1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># haier对象调用实例方法/对象方法</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.wash()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：创建对象的过程也叫实例化对象。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>示例：</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 需求：洗衣机，功能：能洗衣服；</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1 定义洗衣机类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">class 类名():</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> 代码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">wash</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'洗衣开始'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">water</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'进水'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">dry</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'干燥'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2 创建对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 对象名 = 类名()</span></span><br><span class="line">haier = Washer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 3.验证成果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 打印Haier对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(haier)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">type</span>(haier))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#使用wash功能、dry功能--实例方法/对象方法-- 对象名.wash()</span></span><br><span class="line">haier.wash()</span><br><span class="line">haier.water()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-2-3-self">2.2.3 self</h3>
<p><mark>self指的是调用该函数的对象。</mark></p>
<blockquote>
<p><code>self</code> 在 Python 中扮演了一个非常重要的角色，它主要有以下几个作用：</p>
<ol>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>引用实例对象：在类的方法中，<code>self</code> 作为第一个参数传递，用于引用调用该方法的实例对象自身。通过 <code>self</code>，我们可以访问属性（变量）和其它方法。</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>作实例对象的属性和方法。</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>区分实例变量和局部变量：在类的方法中，使用 <code>self</code> 来引用实例对象的属性，可以将实例变量与同名的局部变量进行区分。这样可以避免命名冲突和误用。</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>创建新的实例变量：通过 <code>self</code> 可以在类的方法中创建新的实例变量。在方法内部，可以使用 <code>self.变量名 = 值</code> 的方式来给实例对象添加新的属性(例如，在<code>__init__</code>中添加属性），并且这些属性会随着实例对象一起存在。</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>实现方法的调用：通过 <code>self</code> 可以在类的方法中调用其他的方法。由于方法也是类的属性，所以通过 <code>self.方法名()</code> 的方式可以调用同一个类中的其他方法。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>总的来说，<code>self</code> 是一个约定俗成的表示当前实例对象的命名习惯，它提供了一种便捷的方式来访问和操作实例对象的属性和方法，在面向对象的编程中起到了至关重要的作用。</p>
<p>习惯命名为self，也可命名其它名称。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>示例：</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1. 定义类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">wash</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'我会洗衣服'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># haier1对象：<__main__.Washer object at 0x0000024BA2B34240></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># haier2对象：<__main__.Washer object at 0x0000022005857EF0></span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(self)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2. 创建对象</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># <__main__.Washer object at 0x0000018B7B224240></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(haier1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># haier1对象调用实例方法</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.wash()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haier2 = Washer()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># <__main__.Washer object at 0x0000022005857EF0></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(haier2)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># haier2对象调用实例方法</span></span><br><span class="line">haier2.wash()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：打印对象和self得到的结果是一致的，都是当前对象的内存中存储地址。所以self指的是调用该函数的对象。</p>
<p>在示例中第一个调用self即为对象haier1、第二个调用self即为对象haier2，并将其传入函数内部。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>总结：</strong></p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>在Python中，<code>self</code> 是一个约定俗成的命名方式，用于指代类的实例对象（也可以使用其他名称，但习惯上大家都使用 <code>self</code>）。它在类的方法中作为第一个参数传递，<strong>用于引用调用该方法的实例对象自身。<strong>总之，</strong><code>self</code> 在类的方法中用于表示当前的实例对象，通过它可以访问和操作实例对象的属性和方法。</strong></p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>一个类可以创建多个对象。</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>多个对象都调用函数时，self地址不相同。因为self表示的是调用该函数的对象。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="三-添加和获取对象属性">三. 添加和获取对象属性</h1>
<p><mark>属性即是特征</mark>，比如：洗衣机的宽度、高度、重量…</p>
<p>对象属性既可以在类外面添加和获取，也能在类里面添加和获取。</p>
<h2 id="3-1-类外面添加对象属性">3.1 类外面添加对象属性</h2>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">对象名.属性名 = 值</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">haier1.width = <span class="number">500</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.height = <span class="number">800</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="3-2-类外面获取对象属性">3.2 类外面获取对象属性</h2>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">对象名.属性名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'haier1洗衣机的宽度是<span class="subst">{haier1.width}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'haier1洗衣机的高度是<span class="subst">{haier1.height}</span>'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>示例</strong>：在类外面添加对象属性和获取对象属性</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">wash</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'洗衣服'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 类外面添加对象属性</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.width = <span class="number">400</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.height = <span class="number">100</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 类外面获取对象属性</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'洗衣机宽度<span class="subst">{haier1.width}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'洗衣机高度<span class="subst">{haier1.height}</span>'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="3-3-类里面添加对象属性">3.3 类里面添加对象属性</h2>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">self.属性名 = 值</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, width, height</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 类里面添加实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.width = width</span><br><span class="line"> self.height = height</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="3-4-类里面获取对象属性">3.4 类里面获取对象属性</h2>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">self.属性名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">wash</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'洗衣服'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">#获取实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">print_info</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># self.属性名</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'haier1洗衣机的宽度<span class="subst">{self.width}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(self.width)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'haier1洗衣机的高度<span class="subst">{self.height}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(self.height)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 类外面添加对象属性</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.width = <span class="number">400</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.height = <span class="number">500</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 对象调用实例方法</span></span><br><span class="line">haier1.print_info()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="四-魔法方法">四. 魔法方法</h1>
<p>在Python中，<code>__xx__()</code>的函数叫做魔法方法，指的是<strong>具有特殊功能的函数</strong>。</p>
<h2 id="4-1-init">4.1 <code>__init__()</code></h2>
<h3 id="4-1-1-体验-init">4.1.1 体验<code>__init__()</code></h3>
<p>思考：洗衣机的宽度高度是与生俱来的属性，可不可以在生产过程中就赋予这些属性呢？</p>
<p>答：理应如此。</p>
<p><mark><code>__init__()</code>方法的作用：初始化对象。</mark></p>
<p><code>__init__()</code>用来设置类自带的属性，<strong>设置对象的初始化属性</strong>。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>(): </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 定义初始化功能的函数</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 类里面添加实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.width = <span class="number">500</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.height = <span class="number">800</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">print_info</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 类里面调用实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'洗衣机的宽度是<span class="subst">{self.width}</span>, 高度是<span class="subst">{self.height}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer()</span><br><span class="line">haier1.print_info()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：</p>
<ul class="lvl-1">
<li class="lvl-2"><code>__init__()</code>方法，在创建一个对象时默认被调用，不需要手动调用。</li>
<li class="lvl-2"><code>__init__(self)</code>中的self参数，不需要开发者传递，python解释器会自动把当前的对象引用传递过去。</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="4-1-2-带参数的-init">4.1.2 带参数的<code>__init__()</code></h3>
<p>思考：一个类可以创建多个对象，如何对不同的对象设置不同的初始化属性呢？</p>
<p>答：传参数。<font color='cornflowerblue'>带参数的<code>__init__()</code>方法需要在创建实例对象时传入实参。</font></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1.定义类： 带参数的init:宽度和高度； 实例方法： 调用实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, width, height</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 类里面添加实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.width = width</span><br><span class="line"> self.height = height</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">print_info</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 类里面调用实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'宽度<span class="subst">{self.width}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'高度<span class="subst">{self.height}</span>'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2. 创建对象，创建多个对象且属性值不同； 调用实例方法</span></span><br><span class="line">haiher1 = Washer(<span class="number">100</span>, <span class="number">200</span>) <span class="comment"># 传入实参到init中形参</span></span><br><span class="line">haiher1.print_info()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># haiher2 = Washer()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># haiher2.print_info()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haiher3 = Washer(<span class="number">300</span>, <span class="number">700</span>) <span class="comment"># 传入实参到init中形参</span></span><br><span class="line">haiher3.print_info()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="4-2-str">4.2 <code>__str__()</code></h2>
<p><strong>当使用print输出对象的时候，默认打印对象的内存地址</strong>。</p>
<p><strong>如果类定义了<code>__str__</code>方法，那么就会打印从在这个方法中 return 的数据。</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, width, height</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 类里面添加实例属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.width = width</span><br><span class="line"> self.height = height</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'这是海尔洗衣机的说明书'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这是海尔洗衣机的说明书</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(haier1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="4-3-del">4.3 <code>__del__()</code></h2>
<p>当删除对象时，python解释器也会默认调用<code>__del__()</code>方法。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Washer</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, width, height</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> self.width = width</span><br><span class="line"> self.height = height</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__del__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">f'<span class="subst">{self}</span>对象已经被删除'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">haier1 = Washer(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># <__main__.Washer object at 0x0000026118223278>对象已经被删除</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">del</span> haier1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="五-综合应用">五. 综合应用</h1>
<h2 id="5-1-烤地瓜">5.1 烤地瓜</h2>
<h3 id="5-1-1-需求">5.1.1 需求</h3>
<p>需求主线：</p>
<ol>
<li class="lvl-4">
<p>被烤的时间和对应的地瓜状态：</p>
<p>0-3分钟：生的</p>
<p>3-5分钟：半生不熟</p>
<p>5-8分钟：熟的</p>
<p>超过8分钟：烤糊了</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-4">
<p>添加的调料：</p>
<p>用户可以按自己的意愿添加调料</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="5-1-2-步骤分析">5.1.2 步骤分析</h3>
<p>需求涉及一个事物： 地瓜，故案例涉及一个类：地瓜类。</p>
<h4 id="5-1-2-1-定义类">5.1.2.1 定义类</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>地瓜的属性</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">被烤的时间</li>
<li class="lvl-4">地瓜的状态</li>
<li class="lvl-4">添加的调料</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>地瓜的方法</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">被烤
<ul class="lvl-4">
<li class="lvl-6">用户根据意愿设定每次烤地瓜的时间</li>
<li class="lvl-6">判断地瓜被烤的总时间是在哪个区间，修改地瓜状态</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-4">添加调料
<ul class="lvl-4">
<li class="lvl-6">用户根据意愿设定添加的调料</li>
<li class="lvl-6">将用户添加的调料存储</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>显示对象信息</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="5-1-2-2-创建对象，调用相关实例方法">5.1.2.2 创建对象，调用相关实例方法</h4>
<h3 id="5-1-3-代码实现">5.1.3 代码实现</h3>
<h4 id="5-1-3-1-定义类">5.1.3.1 定义类</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>地瓜属性</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">定义地瓜初始化属性，后期根据程序推进更新实例属性</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">SweetPotato</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 被烤的时间</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_time = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 地瓜的状态</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'生的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 调料列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.condiments = []</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="5-1-3-2-定义烤地瓜方法">5.1.3.2 定义烤地瓜方法</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">SweetPotato</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> ......</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">cook</span>(<span class="params">self, time</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""烤地瓜的方法"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_time += time</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">0</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">3</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'生的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">3</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">5</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'半生不熟'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">5</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">8</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'熟了'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> self.cook_time >= <span class="number">8</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'烤糊了'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="5-1-3-3-书写str魔法方法，用于输出对象状态">5.1.3.3 书写str魔法方法，用于输出对象状态</h4>
<p><code>return f'这个地瓜烤了{self.cook_time}分钟, 状态是{self.cook_static}</code></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">SweetPotato</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> ......</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">f'这个地瓜烤了<span class="subst">{self.cook_time}</span>分钟, 状态是<span class="subst">{self.cook_static}</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="5-1-3-4-创建对象，测试实例属性和实例方法">5.1.3.4 创建对象，测试实例属性和实例方法</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">digua1 = SweetPotato()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="5-1-3-5-定义添加调料方法，并调用该实例方法">5.1.3.5 定义添加调料方法，并调用该实例方法</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">SweetPotato</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> ......</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">add_condiments</span>(<span class="params">self, condiment</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""添加调料"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.condiments.append(condiment)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">f'这个地瓜烤了<span class="subst">{self.cook_time}</span>分钟, 状态是<span class="subst">{self.cook_static}</span>, 添加的调料有<span class="subst">{self.condiments}</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1 = SweetPotato()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">digua1.add_condiments(<span class="string">'酱油'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">digua1.add_condiments(<span class="string">'辣椒面儿'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="5-1-4-代码总览">5.1.4 代码总览</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">SweetPotato</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 被烤的时间</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_time = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 地瓜的状态</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'生的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 调料列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.condiments = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">cook</span>(<span class="params">self, time</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""烤地瓜的方法"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_time += time</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">0</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">3</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'生的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">3</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">5</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'半生不熟'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">5</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">8</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'熟了'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> self.cook_time >= <span class="number">8</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_static = <span class="string">'烤糊了'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">add_condiments</span>(<span class="params">self, condiment</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""添加调料"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.condiments.append(condiment)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">f'这个地瓜烤了<span class="subst">{self.cook_time}</span>分钟, 状态是<span class="subst">{self.cook_static}</span>, 添加的调料有<span class="subst">{self.condiments}</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1 = SweetPotato()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">digua1.add_condiments(<span class="string">'酱油'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">digua1.add_condiments(<span class="string">'辣椒面儿'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">digua1.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(digua1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>自己编：</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1.定义类:初始化属性，被烤时间和添加调料方法，显示对象信息的str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Sweet_Potato</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 添加初始化属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 被烤时间</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_time = <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 地瓜的状态</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_status = <span class="string">'生的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 调料列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.condiments = [] <span class="comment"># 空列表，为了用户可以多种意愿追加调料</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">cook</span>(<span class="params">self, time</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""烤地瓜的方法"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 计算地瓜整体被烤的时间</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_time += time</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 用整体烤过的时间判断地瓜状态</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="number">0</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">3</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_status = <span class="string">'生的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">3</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">5</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_status = <span class="string">'半生不熟'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">5</span> <= self.cook_time < <span class="number">8</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_status = <span class="string">'熟的'</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">elif</span> <span class="number">8</span> <= self.cook_time:</span><br><span class="line"> self.cook_status = <span class="string">'烤糊了'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">f'设置的烤地瓜时间<span class="subst">{self.cook_time}</span>,状态是<span class="subst">{self.cook_status}</span>，调料有<span class="subst">{self.condiments}</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">add_condiments</span>(<span class="params">self, condiment</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""添加调料"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 用户意愿的调料追加到调料列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># self.condiments = [] 初始时为空列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.condiments.append(condiment)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建对象并调用对应的实例方法</span></span><br><span class="line">kaoji = Sweet_Potato()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(kaoji)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">kaoji.cook(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">kaoji.add_condiments(<span class="string">'孜然'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(kaoji)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">kaoji.cook(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">kaoji.add_condiments(<span class="string">'麻辣'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(kaoji)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">kaoji.cook(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line">kaoji.add_condiments(<span class="string">'甜面酱'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(kaoji)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="5-2-搬家具">5.2 搬家具</h2>
<h3 id="5-2-1-需求">5.2.1 需求</h3>
<p>将小于房子剩余面积的家具摆放到房子中</p>
<h3 id="5-2-2-步骤分析">5.2.2 步骤分析</h3>
<p>需求涉及两个事物：房子 和 家具，故被案例涉及两个类：房子类 和 家具类。</p>
<h4 id="5-2-2-1-定义类">5.2.2.1 定义类</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>房子类</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">实例属性
<ul class="lvl-4">
<li class="lvl-6">房子地理位置</li>
<li class="lvl-6">房子占地面积</li>
<li class="lvl-6">房子剩余面积</li>
<li class="lvl-6">房子内家具列表</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-4">实例方法
<ul class="lvl-4">
<li class="lvl-6">容纳家具</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-4">显示房屋信息</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>家具类</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">家具名称</li>
<li class="lvl-4">家具占地面积</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="5-2-2-2-创建对象并调用相关方法">5.2.2.2 创建对象并调用相关方法</h4>
<h3 id="5-2-3-代码实现">5.2.3 代码实现</h3>
<h4 id="5-2-3-1-定义类">5.2.3.1 定义类</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>家具类</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Furniture</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, name, area</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具名字</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.name = name</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具占地面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.area = area</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<h4 id="房子类">房子类</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Home</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, address, area</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 地理位置</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.address = address</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 房屋面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.area = area</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 剩余面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.free_area = area</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.furniture = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">f'房子坐落于<span class="subst">{self.address}</span>, 占地面积<span class="subst">{self.area}</span>, 剩余面积<span class="subst">{self.free_area}</span>, 家具有<span class="subst">{self.furniture}</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">add_furniture</span>(<span class="params">self, item</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""容纳家具"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> self.free_area >= item.area:</span><br><span class="line"> self.furniture.append(item.name)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具搬入后，房屋剩余面积 = 之前剩余面积 - 该家具面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.free_area -= item.area</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'家具太大，剩余面积不足，无法容纳'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="5-2-3-2-创建对象并调用实例属性和方法">5.2.3.2 创建对象并调用实例属性和方法</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">bed = Furniture(<span class="string">'双人床'</span>, <span class="number">6</span>)</span><br><span class="line">jia1 = Home(<span class="string">'北京'</span>, <span class="number">1200</span>) </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(jia1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">jia1.add_furniture(bed) <span class="comment"># 将通过Furniture类创建的实例对象bed传入到add_furniture函数中去，此时形参自带Furniture属性和方法，通过item.属性名调用属性。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(jia1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sofa = Furniture(<span class="string">'沙发'</span>, <span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line">jia1.add_furniture(sofa)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(jia1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ball = Furniture(<span class="string">'篮球场'</span>, <span class="number">1500</span>)</span><br><span class="line">jia1.add_furniture(ball)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(jia1)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="5-2-4-代码总览">5.2.4 代码总览</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1,定义类-家具类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Furniture</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 初始化属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, name, area</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具名字</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.name = name</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具占地面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.area = area</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1.定义类——房子类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Home</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 初始化属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__init__</span>(<span class="params">self, address, area</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 房子地理位置</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.address = address</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 房屋面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.area = area</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 剩余面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.free_area = area</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具列表</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.furniture_list = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">__str__</span>(<span class="params">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">f'房子地理位置<span class="subst">{self.address}</span>,房屋面积<span class="subst">{self.area}</span>，剩余面积<span class="subst">{self.free_area}</span>,家具列表<span class="subst">{self.furniture_list}</span>'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">add_furniture</span>(<span class="params">self, item</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"""容纳家具"""</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 如果 家具占地面积 <= 房子剩余面积； 可以搬入（家具列表添加家具名字数据 并 更新房子剩余面积）</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> self.free_area >= item.area: <span class="comment"># item.area调用了家具类中self.area属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.furniture_list.append(item.name) <span class="comment"># item.name调用了家具类中self.name属性</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment"># 家具搬入后，房屋剩余面积 = 之前剩余面积 - 该家具面积</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.free_area -= item.area</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'家具太大，剩余面积不足，无法容纳'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">bed = Furniture(<span class="string">'双人床'</span>, <span class="number">21</span>)</span><br><span class="line">set_furniture = Home(<span class="string">'北京'</span>, <span class="number">1000</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># print(set_furniture)</span></span><br><span class="line">set_furniture.add_furniture(bed)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(set_furniture)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sofa = Furniture(<span class="string">'沙发'</span>, <span class="number">211</span>)</span><br><span class="line">set_furniture.add_furniture(sofa)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(set_furniture)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Tv = Furniture(<span class="string">'电视'</span>, <span class="number">321</span>)</span><br><span class="line">set_furniture.add_furniture(Tv)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(set_furniture)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>**问题1：**这段代码中为啥在房子类中函数add_furniture(self, item)<a target="_blank" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" href="http://xn--item-955fz0ypm2bjwvst9bs9h.xn--areaitem-2c2n.name">可以这样调用item.area和item.name</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>答：在房子类中的 <code>add_furniture</code> 方法中可以调用 <code>item.area</code> 和 <code>item.name</code>，<strong>是因为在调用 <code>add_furniture</code> 方法时，传入的参数 <code>item</code> 是一个家具对象，该对象是由 <code>Furniture</code> 类创建的实例。</strong></p>
<p>**在 <code>Furniture</code> 类中的 <code>__init__</code> 方法中，通过 <code>self.name = name</code> 和 <code>self.area = area</code> 将参数 <code>name</code> 和 <code>area</code> 赋值给了家具对象的属性 <code>name</code> 和 <code>area</code>。**因此，家具对象 <code>item</code> 具有 <code>name</code> 和 <code>area</code> 这两个属性。</p>
<p>因此，在 <code>add_furniture</code> 方法内部，我们可以直接通过 <code>item.area</code> 和 <code>item.name</code> 来访问家具对象的属性值，以便完成后续的判断和操作。</p>
<p>总结起来，<font color='red'>通过将家具对象作为参数传递给方法，在方法内部就可以访问和操作家具对象的属性。</font>这是面向对象编程的一种常见用法，在方法中操作传入的对象的属性，以实现特定的功能逻辑。</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="六-总结">六. 总结</h1>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>面向对象重要组成部分</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">类
<ul class="lvl-4">
<li class="lvl-6">创建类</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">类名</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> 代码</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">
<p>对象</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">对象名 = 类名()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>添加对象属性</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">类外面</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">对象名.属性名 = 值</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">
<p>类里面</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">self.属性名 = 值</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>获取对象属性</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">类外面</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">对象名.属性名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4">
<p>类里面</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">self.属性名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>魔法方法</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4"><code>__init__()</code>: 初始化</li>
<li class="lvl-4"><code>__str__()</code>:输出对象信息</li>
<li class="lvl-4"><code>__del__()</code>:删除对象时调用</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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href="#%E4%BA%8C-%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1"><span class="toc-text">二. 类和对象</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-1-%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1"><span class="toc-text">2.1 理解类和对象</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-1-1-%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">2.1.1 类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-1-2-%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1"><span class="toc-text">2.1.2 对象</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">2.2 面向对象实现方法</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-1-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">2.2.1 定义类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-2-%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1"><span class="toc-text">2.2.2 创建对象</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-3-self"><span class="toc-text">2.2.3 self</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89-%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%92%8C%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-text">三. 添加和获取对象属性</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-1-%E7%B1%BB%E5%A4%96%E9%9D%A2%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-text">3.1 类外面添加对象属性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-2-%E7%B1%BB%E5%A4%96%E9%9D%A2%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-text">3.2 类外面获取对象属性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-3-%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%8C%E9%9D%A2%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-text">3.3 类里面添加对象属性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#3-4-%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%8C%E9%9D%A2%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-text">3.4 类里面获取对象属性</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%9B-%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">四. 魔法方法</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-1-init"><span class="toc-text">4.1 __init__()</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-1-1-%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C-init"><span class="toc-text">4.1.1 体验__init__()</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-1-2-%E5%B8%A6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84-init"><span class="toc-text">4.1.2 带参数的__init__()</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-2-str"><span class="toc-text">4.2 __str__()</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#4-3-del"><span class="toc-text">4.3 __del__()</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%94-%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-text">五. 综合应用</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-%E7%83%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%93%9C"><span class="toc-text">5.1 烤地瓜</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-1-%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82"><span class="toc-text">5.1.1 需求</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-2-%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90"><span class="toc-text">5.1.2 步骤分析</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-2-1-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">5.1.2.1 定义类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-2-2-%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%EF%BC%8C%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">5.1.2.2 创建对象，调用相关实例方法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-3-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0"><span class="toc-text">5.1.3 代码实现</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-3-1-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">5.1.3.1 定义类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-3-2-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%83%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%93%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">5.1.3.2 定义烤地瓜方法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-3-3-%E4%B9%A6%E5%86%99str%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81"><span class="toc-text">5.1.3.3 书写str魔法方法，用于输出对象状态</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-3-4-%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%EF%BC%8C%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">5.1.3.4 创建对象，测试实例属性和实例方法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-3-5-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E8%B0%83%E6%96%99%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%A5%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">5.1.3.5 定义添加调料方法，并调用该实例方法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-1-4-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88"><span class="toc-text">5.1.4 代码总览</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-%E6%90%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B7"><span class="toc-text">5.2 搬家具</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-1-%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82"><span class="toc-text">5.2.1 需求</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-2-%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90"><span class="toc-text">5.2.2 步骤分析</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-2-1-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">5.2.2.1 定义类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-2-2-%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B9%B6%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">5.2.2.2 创建对象并调用相关方法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-3-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0"><span class="toc-text">5.2.3 代码实现</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-3-1-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">5.2.3.1 定义类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%88%BF%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%BB"><span class="toc-text">房子类</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-3-2-%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1%E5%B9%B6%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%92%8C%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-text">5.2.3.2 创建对象并调用实例属性和方法</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#5-2-4-%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88"><span class="toc-text">5.2.4 代码总览</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%85%AD-%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93"><span class="toc-text">六. 总结</span></a></li></ol></div></div><div class="card-widget card-recent-post"><div class="item-headline"><i class="anzhiyufont anzhiyu-icon-history"></i><span>最新文章</span></div><div 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