testFile.tex

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            pdftitle={Untitled},
            pdfauthor={Luca Mannino},
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\renewcommand{\subparagraph}[1]{\oldsubparagraph{#1}\mbox{}}
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% set default figure placement to htbp
\makeatletter
\def\fps@figure{htbp}
\makeatother


\title{Untitled}
\author{Luca Mannino}
\date{19/09/2022}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

my\_log \textless{}- function(x) log(x - 1)

my\_fun \textless{}- function(a, b) \{ \# browser() la \textless{}-
my\_log(a) lb \textless{}- my\_log(b) la + lb \} my\_fun(1, 0)

\#\textgreater{} Warning in log(x - 1): NaNs produced

\#\textgreater{} {[}1{]} NaN

Try to uncomment browser() or use debugonce(my\_fun):

debugonce(my\_fun) my\_fun(1, 0)

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{mat <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{, }\OtherTok{FALSE}\NormalTok{), }\DecValTok{12}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{replace =} \OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{), }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{as.integer}\NormalTok{(mat),}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,]    1    1    0    1
## [2,]    1    1    1    0
## [3,]    1    1    0    1
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{mat }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{0}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,]    1    1    0    1
## [2,]    1    1    1    0
## [3,]    1    1    0    1
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{(vec <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{12}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\CommentTok{#>  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12}

\KeywordTok{dim}\NormalTok{(vec) <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{vec}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,]    1    4    7   10
## [2,]    2    5    8   11
## [3,]    3    6    9   12
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(iris)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##   Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
## 2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
## 3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
## 4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa
## 5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2  setosa
## 6          5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4  setosa
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{iris[,}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{,drop=}\OtherTok{FALSE}\NormalTok{]}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##     Petal.Length
## 1            1.4
## 2            1.4
## 3            1.3
## 4            1.5
## 5            1.4
## 6            1.7
## 7            1.4
## 8            1.5
## 9            1.4
## 10           1.5
## 11           1.5
## 12           1.6
## 13           1.4
## 14           1.1
## 15           1.2
## 16           1.5
## 17           1.3
## 18           1.4
## 19           1.7
## 20           1.5
## 21           1.7
## 22           1.5
## 23           1.0
## 24           1.7
## 25           1.9
## 26           1.6
## 27           1.6
## 28           1.5
## 29           1.4
## 30           1.6
## 31           1.6
## 32           1.5
## 33           1.5
## 34           1.4
## 35           1.5
## 36           1.2
## 37           1.3
## 38           1.4
## 39           1.3
## 40           1.5
## 41           1.3
## 42           1.3
## 43           1.3
## 44           1.6
## 45           1.9
## 46           1.4
## 47           1.6
## 48           1.4
## 49           1.5
## 50           1.4
## 51           4.7
## 52           4.5
## 53           4.9
## 54           4.0
## 55           4.6
## 56           4.5
## 57           4.7
## 58           3.3
## 59           4.6
## 60           3.9
## 61           3.5
## 62           4.2
## 63           4.0
## 64           4.7
## 65           3.6
## 66           4.4
## 67           4.5
## 68           4.1
## 69           4.5
## 70           3.9
## 71           4.8
## 72           4.0
## 73           4.9
## 74           4.7
## 75           4.3
## 76           4.4
## 77           4.8
## 78           5.0
## 79           4.5
## 80           3.5
## 81           3.8
## 82           3.7
## 83           3.9
## 84           5.1
## 85           4.5
## 86           4.5
## 87           4.7
## 88           4.4
## 89           4.1
## 90           4.0
## 91           4.4
## 92           4.6
## 93           4.0
## 94           3.3
## 95           4.2
## 96           4.2
## 97           4.2
## 98           4.3
## 99           3.0
## 100          4.1
## 101          6.0
## 102          5.1
## 103          5.9
## 104          5.6
## 105          5.8
## 106          6.6
## 107          4.5
## 108          6.3
## 109          5.8
## 110          6.1
## 111          5.1
## 112          5.3
## 113          5.5
## 114          5.0
## 115          5.1
## 116          5.3
## 117          5.5
## 118          6.7
## 119          6.9
## 120          5.0
## 121          5.7
## 122          4.9
## 123          6.7
## 124          4.9
## 125          5.7
## 126          6.0
## 127          4.8
## 128          4.9
## 129          5.6
## 130          5.8
## 131          6.1
## 132          6.4
## 133          5.6
## 134          5.1
## 135          5.6
## 136          6.1
## 137          5.6
## 138          5.5
## 139          4.8
## 140          5.4
## 141          5.6
## 142          5.1
## 143          5.1
## 144          5.9
## 145          5.7
## 146          5.2
## 147          5.0
## 148          5.2
## 149          5.4
## 150          5.1
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{iris[,}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{]}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##   [1] 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.4
##  [19] 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.2
##  [37] 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 4.7 4.5 4.9 4.0
##  [55] 4.6 4.5 4.7 3.3 4.6 3.9 3.5 4.2 4.0 4.7 3.6 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.5 3.9 4.8 4.0
##  [73] 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.9 5.1 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.0
##  [91] 4.4 4.6 4.0 3.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 3.0 4.1 6.0 5.1 5.9 5.6 5.8 6.6 4.5 6.3
## [109] 5.8 6.1 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 6.7 6.9 5.0 5.7 4.9 6.7 4.9 5.7 6.0
## [127] 4.8 4.9 5.6 5.8 6.1 6.4 5.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 5.6 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.9
## [145] 5.7 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.1
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{iris[}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{]}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##     Petal.Length
## 1            1.4
## 2            1.4
## 3            1.3
## 4            1.5
## 5            1.4
## 6            1.7
## 7            1.4
## 8            1.5
## 9            1.4
## 10           1.5
## 11           1.5
## 12           1.6
## 13           1.4
## 14           1.1
## 15           1.2
## 16           1.5
## 17           1.3
## 18           1.4
## 19           1.7
## 20           1.5
## 21           1.7
## 22           1.5
## 23           1.0
## 24           1.7
## 25           1.9
## 26           1.6
## 27           1.6
## 28           1.5
## 29           1.4
## 30           1.6
## 31           1.6
## 32           1.5
## 33           1.5
## 34           1.4
## 35           1.5
## 36           1.2
## 37           1.3
## 38           1.4
## 39           1.3
## 40           1.5
## 41           1.3
## 42           1.3
## 43           1.3
## 44           1.6
## 45           1.9
## 46           1.4
## 47           1.6
## 48           1.4
## 49           1.5
## 50           1.4
## 51           4.7
## 52           4.5
## 53           4.9
## 54           4.0
## 55           4.6
## 56           4.5
## 57           4.7
## 58           3.3
## 59           4.6
## 60           3.9
## 61           3.5
## 62           4.2
## 63           4.0
## 64           4.7
## 65           3.6
## 66           4.4
## 67           4.5
## 68           4.1
## 69           4.5
## 70           3.9
## 71           4.8
## 72           4.0
## 73           4.9
## 74           4.7
## 75           4.3
## 76           4.4
## 77           4.8
## 78           5.0
## 79           4.5
## 80           3.5
## 81           3.8
## 82           3.7
## 83           3.9
## 84           5.1
## 85           4.5
## 86           4.5
## 87           4.7
## 88           4.4
## 89           4.1
## 90           4.0
## 91           4.4
## 92           4.6
## 93           4.0
## 94           3.3
## 95           4.2
## 96           4.2
## 97           4.2
## 98           4.3
## 99           3.0
## 100          4.1
## 101          6.0
## 102          5.1
## 103          5.9
## 104          5.6
## 105          5.8
## 106          6.6
## 107          4.5
## 108          6.3
## 109          5.8
## 110          6.1
## 111          5.1
## 112          5.3
## 113          5.5
## 114          5.0
## 115          5.1
## 116          5.3
## 117          5.5
## 118          6.7
## 119          6.9
## 120          5.0
## 121          5.7
## 122          4.9
## 123          6.7
## 124          4.9
## 125          5.7
## 126          6.0
## 127          4.8
## 128          4.9
## 129          5.6
## 130          5.8
## 131          6.1
## 132          6.4
## 133          5.6
## 134          5.1
## 135          5.6
## 136          6.1
## 137          5.6
## 138          5.5
## 139          4.8
## 140          5.4
## 141          5.6
## 142          5.1
## 143          5.1
## 144          5.9
## 145          5.7
## 146          5.2
## 147          5.0
## 148          5.2
## 149          5.4
## 150          5.1
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{advr38pkg}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{sum_every}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1]  3  7 11 15 19
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(iris)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##   Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
## 2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
## 3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
## 4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa
## 5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2  setosa
## 6          5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4  setosa
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{colMeans}\NormalTok{(iris[}\OperatorTok{-}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{])}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## Sepal.Length  Sepal.Width Petal.Length  Petal.Width 
##     5.843333     3.057333     3.758000     1.199333
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{mat <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{); mat[}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{9}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{12}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{15}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{16}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{17}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{19}\NormalTok{)] <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{; mat}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##       [,1] [,2]
##  [1,]    0    0
##  [2,]    0    1
##  [3,]    0    0
##  [4,]    0    0
##  [5,]    1    1
##  [6,]    0    1
##  [7,]    0    1
##  [8,]    1    0
##  [9,]    1    1
## [10,]    0    0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{advr38pkg}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{sum_every}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1]  3  7 11 15 19
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(sum_all) \{}
\NormalTok{  temp_C <-}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{(temp_F }\OperatorTok{-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{32}\NormalTok{) }\OperatorTok{*}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{5} \OperatorTok{/}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{9}
  \KeywordTok{return}\NormalTok{(temp_C)}
\NormalTok{\}}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## function(sum_all) {
##   temp_C <- (temp_F - 32) * 5 / 9
##   return(temp_C)
## }
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{x <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{10}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

x

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{n <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{2}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(x, }\DataTypeTok{nrow =}\NormalTok{ n)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,]    1    3    5    7    9
## [2,]    2    4    6    8   10
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{colSums}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(x, }\DataTypeTok{nrow =}\NormalTok{ n))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1]  3  7 11 15 19
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{sum_all <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(x, n) \{}
\NormalTok{  sum <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{colSums}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(x, }\DataTypeTok{nrow =}\NormalTok{ n))}
  \KeywordTok{return}\NormalTok{(sum)}
\NormalTok{\}}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{sum_all}\NormalTok{(x,n)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1]  3  7 11 15 19
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{colMeans}\NormalTok{(iris[}\OperatorTok{-}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{])}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## Sepal.Length  Sepal.Width Petal.Length  Petal.Width 
##     5.843333     3.057333     3.758000     1.199333
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{iris[}\KeywordTok{sapply}\NormalTok{(iris, is.numeric)]}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##     Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## 1            5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2
## 2            4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2
## 3            4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2
## 4            4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2
## 5            5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2
## 6            5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4
## 7            4.6         3.4          1.4         0.3
## 8            5.0         3.4          1.5         0.2
## 9            4.4         2.9          1.4         0.2
## 10           4.9         3.1          1.5         0.1
## 11           5.4         3.7          1.5         0.2
## 12           4.8         3.4          1.6         0.2
## 13           4.8         3.0          1.4         0.1
## 14           4.3         3.0          1.1         0.1
## 15           5.8         4.0          1.2         0.2
## 16           5.7         4.4          1.5         0.4
## 17           5.4         3.9          1.3         0.4
## 18           5.1         3.5          1.4         0.3
## 19           5.7         3.8          1.7         0.3
## 20           5.1         3.8          1.5         0.3
## 21           5.4         3.4          1.7         0.2
## 22           5.1         3.7          1.5         0.4
## 23           4.6         3.6          1.0         0.2
## 24           5.1         3.3          1.7         0.5
## 25           4.8         3.4          1.9         0.2
## 26           5.0         3.0          1.6         0.2
## 27           5.0         3.4          1.6         0.4
## 28           5.2         3.5          1.5         0.2
## 29           5.2         3.4          1.4         0.2
## 30           4.7         3.2          1.6         0.2
## 31           4.8         3.1          1.6         0.2
## 32           5.4         3.4          1.5         0.4
## 33           5.2         4.1          1.5         0.1
## 34           5.5         4.2          1.4         0.2
## 35           4.9         3.1          1.5         0.2
## 36           5.0         3.2          1.2         0.2
## 37           5.5         3.5          1.3         0.2
## 38           4.9         3.6          1.4         0.1
## 39           4.4         3.0          1.3         0.2
## 40           5.1         3.4          1.5         0.2
## 41           5.0         3.5          1.3         0.3
## 42           4.5         2.3          1.3         0.3
## 43           4.4         3.2          1.3         0.2
## 44           5.0         3.5          1.6         0.6
## 45           5.1         3.8          1.9         0.4
## 46           4.8         3.0          1.4         0.3
## 47           5.1         3.8          1.6         0.2
## 48           4.6         3.2          1.4         0.2
## 49           5.3         3.7          1.5         0.2
## 50           5.0         3.3          1.4         0.2
## 51           7.0         3.2          4.7         1.4
## 52           6.4         3.2          4.5         1.5
## 53           6.9         3.1          4.9         1.5
## 54           5.5         2.3          4.0         1.3
## 55           6.5         2.8          4.6         1.5
## 56           5.7         2.8          4.5         1.3
## 57           6.3         3.3          4.7         1.6
## 58           4.9         2.4          3.3         1.0
## 59           6.6         2.9          4.6         1.3
## 60           5.2         2.7          3.9         1.4
## 61           5.0         2.0          3.5         1.0
## 62           5.9         3.0          4.2         1.5
## 63           6.0         2.2          4.0         1.0
## 64           6.1         2.9          4.7         1.4
## 65           5.6         2.9          3.6         1.3
## 66           6.7         3.1          4.4         1.4
## 67           5.6         3.0          4.5         1.5
## 68           5.8         2.7          4.1         1.0
## 69           6.2         2.2          4.5         1.5
## 70           5.6         2.5          3.9         1.1
## 71           5.9         3.2          4.8         1.8
## 72           6.1         2.8          4.0         1.3
## 73           6.3         2.5          4.9         1.5
## 74           6.1         2.8          4.7         1.2
## 75           6.4         2.9          4.3         1.3
## 76           6.6         3.0          4.4         1.4
## 77           6.8         2.8          4.8         1.4
## 78           6.7         3.0          5.0         1.7
## 79           6.0         2.9          4.5         1.5
## 80           5.7         2.6          3.5         1.0
## 81           5.5         2.4          3.8         1.1
## 82           5.5         2.4          3.7         1.0
## 83           5.8         2.7          3.9         1.2
## 84           6.0         2.7          5.1         1.6
## 85           5.4         3.0          4.5         1.5
## 86           6.0         3.4          4.5         1.6
## 87           6.7         3.1          4.7         1.5
## 88           6.3         2.3          4.4         1.3
## 89           5.6         3.0          4.1         1.3
## 90           5.5         2.5          4.0         1.3
## 91           5.5         2.6          4.4         1.2
## 92           6.1         3.0          4.6         1.4
## 93           5.8         2.6          4.0         1.2
## 94           5.0         2.3          3.3         1.0
## 95           5.6         2.7          4.2         1.3
## 96           5.7         3.0          4.2         1.2
## 97           5.7         2.9          4.2         1.3
## 98           6.2         2.9          4.3         1.3
## 99           5.1         2.5          3.0         1.1
## 100          5.7         2.8          4.1         1.3
## 101          6.3         3.3          6.0         2.5
## 102          5.8         2.7          5.1         1.9
## 103          7.1         3.0          5.9         2.1
## 104          6.3         2.9          5.6         1.8
## 105          6.5         3.0          5.8         2.2
## 106          7.6         3.0          6.6         2.1
## 107          4.9         2.5          4.5         1.7
## 108          7.3         2.9          6.3         1.8
## 109          6.7         2.5          5.8         1.8
## 110          7.2         3.6          6.1         2.5
## 111          6.5         3.2          5.1         2.0
## 112          6.4         2.7          5.3         1.9
## 113          6.8         3.0          5.5         2.1
## 114          5.7         2.5          5.0         2.0
## 115          5.8         2.8          5.1         2.4
## 116          6.4         3.2          5.3         2.3
## 117          6.5         3.0          5.5         1.8
## 118          7.7         3.8          6.7         2.2
## 119          7.7         2.6          6.9         2.3
## 120          6.0         2.2          5.0         1.5
## 121          6.9         3.2          5.7         2.3
## 122          5.6         2.8          4.9         2.0
## 123          7.7         2.8          6.7         2.0
## 124          6.3         2.7          4.9         1.8
## 125          6.7         3.3          5.7         2.1
## 126          7.2         3.2          6.0         1.8
## 127          6.2         2.8          4.8         1.8
## 128          6.1         3.0          4.9         1.8
## 129          6.4         2.8          5.6         2.1
## 130          7.2         3.0          5.8         1.6
## 131          7.4         2.8          6.1         1.9
## 132          7.9         3.8          6.4         2.0
## 133          6.4         2.8          5.6         2.2
## 134          6.3         2.8          5.1         1.5
## 135          6.1         2.6          5.6         1.4
## 136          7.7         3.0          6.1         2.3
## 137          6.3         3.4          5.6         2.4
## 138          6.4         3.1          5.5         1.8
## 139          6.0         3.0          4.8         1.8
## 140          6.9         3.1          5.4         2.1
## 141          6.7         3.1          5.6         2.4
## 142          6.9         3.1          5.1         2.3
## 143          5.8         2.7          5.1         1.9
## 144          6.8         3.2          5.9         2.3
## 145          6.7         3.3          5.7         2.5
## 146          6.7         3.0          5.2         2.3
## 147          6.3         2.5          5.0         1.9
## 148          6.5         3.0          5.2         2.0
## 149          6.2         3.4          5.4         2.3
## 150          5.9         3.0          5.1         1.8
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{colMeans}\NormalTok{(iris[}\KeywordTok{sapply}\NormalTok{(iris, is.numeric)])}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## Sepal.Length  Sepal.Width Petal.Length  Petal.Width 
##     5.843333     3.057333     3.758000     1.199333
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{mat <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{); mat[}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{9}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{12}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{15}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{16}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{17}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{19}\NormalTok{)] <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{; mat}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##       [,1] [,2]
##  [1,]    0    0
##  [2,]    0    1
##  [3,]    0    0
##  [4,]    0    0
##  [5,]    1    1
##  [6,]    0    1
##  [7,]    0    1
##  [8,]    1    0
##  [9,]    1    1
## [10,]    0    0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{decode <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{matrix}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\OtherTok{NA}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{), }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

(0, 0) -\textgreater{} 0; (0, 1) -\textgreater{} 1; (1, 1)
-\textgreater{} 2; (1, 0) -\textgreater{} NA

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\CommentTok{#decode <- mat +1}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{apply}\NormalTok{(mat,}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(row) decode[row[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{] }\OperatorTok{+}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, row[}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{] }\OperatorTok{+}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{])}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1]  0  1  0  0  2  1  1 NA  2  0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{apply}\NormalTok{(mat,}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(row) decode[row}\OperatorTok{+}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{])}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,]    0    0    0    0   NA    0    0   NA   NA     0
## [2,]    0   NA    0    0   NA   NA   NA    0   NA     0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{str}\NormalTok{(iris)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## 'data.frame':    150 obs. of  5 variables:
##  $ Sepal.Length: num  5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
##  $ Sepal.Width : num  3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
##  $ Petal.Length: num  1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
##  $ Petal.Width : num  0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
##  $ Species     : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{skimr}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{skim}\NormalTok{(iris)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\caption{Data summary}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Name & iris\tabularnewline
Number of rows & 150\tabularnewline
Number of columns & 5\tabularnewline
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ &\tabularnewline
Column type frequency: &\tabularnewline
factor & 1\tabularnewline
numeric & 4\tabularnewline
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ &\tabularnewline
Group variables & None\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Variable type: factor}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lrrlrl@{}}
\toprule
skim\_variable & n\_missing & complete\_rate & ordered & n\_unique &
top\_counts\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Species & 0 & 1 & FALSE & 3 & set: 50, ver: 50, vir: 50\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Variable type: numeric}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lrrrrrrrrrl@{}}
\toprule
skim\_variable & n\_missing & complete\_rate & mean & sd & p0 & p25 &
p50 & p75 & p100 & hist\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Sepal.Length & 0 & 1 & 5.84 & 0.83 & 4.3 & 5.1 & 5.80 & 6.4 & 7.9 &
▆▇▇▅▂\tabularnewline
Sepal.Width & 0 & 1 & 3.06 & 0.44 & 2.0 & 2.8 & 3.00 & 3.3 & 4.4 &
▁▆▇▂▁\tabularnewline
Petal.Length & 0 & 1 & 3.76 & 1.77 & 1.0 & 1.6 & 4.35 & 5.1 & 6.9 &
▇▁▆▇▂\tabularnewline
Petal.Width & 0 & 1 & 1.20 & 0.76 & 0.1 & 0.3 & 1.30 & 1.8 & 2.5 &
▇▁▇▅▃\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{x <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{-5}
\KeywordTok{abs}\NormalTok{(x)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1] 5
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{advr38pkg}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{split_ind}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{40}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## $`1`
##  [1]  2  7 10 11 13 15 16 17 19 22 27 28 38 39
## 
## $`2`
##  [1] 12 14 20 24 25 26 29 30 31 33 35 37 40
## 
## $`3`
##  [1]  1  3  4  5  6  8  9 18 21 23 32 34 36
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1]  6  3  9 10  1  8  4  2  7  5
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{rep_len}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
\end{verbatim}

Use sample(), rep\_len() and split() to make a function that randomly
splits some indices in a list of K groups of indices (like for
cross-validation). {[}Which are the special cases that you should
consider?{]}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{split}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{12}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{rep}\NormalTok{(letters[}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{], }\DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## $a
## [1]  1  4  7 10
## 
## $b
## [1]  2  5  8 11
## 
## $c
## [1]  3  6  9 12
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{x <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{k <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{5}
\KeywordTok{split}\NormalTok{(x,}\KeywordTok{rep}\NormalTok{(letters[}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{],k))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## Warning in split.default(x, rep(letters[1:5], k)): data length is not a multiple
## of split variable
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
## $a
## [1] 8 3
## 
## $b
## [1] 1 2
## 
## $c
## [1]  6 10
## 
## $d
## [1] 7 4
## 
## $e
## [1] 9 5
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{x <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{40}
\NormalTok{n <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{3}

\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{seq_len}\NormalTok{(n), }\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{length}\NormalTok{(x), }\DataTypeTok{replace =} \OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
## [39] 1 2
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{rep_len}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{seq_len}\NormalTok{(n), }\KeywordTok{length}\NormalTok{(x))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
## [39] 3 1
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{split}\NormalTok{(x, }\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(n))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## Warning in split.default(x, sample(n)): data length is not a multiple of split
## variable
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
## $`1`
##  [1]  3  6  9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39
## 
## $`2`
##  [1]  2  5  8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38
## 
## $`3`
##  [1]  1  4  7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
\end{verbatim}

sample x with replacement compute the mean do this 1000 times get
quantiles 2.5\% and 97.5\%

replicate()

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{set.seed}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{(x <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{rnorm}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] -0.6264538  0.1836433 -0.8356286  1.5952808  0.3295078 -0.8204684
##  [7]  0.4874291  0.7383247  0.5757814 -0.3053884
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{set.seed}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{x <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{replicate}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1000}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{mean}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{rnorm}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{))))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{set.seed}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{x <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{rnorm}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{)}

\NormalTok{all_mean <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{replicate}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1000}\NormalTok{, \{}
\NormalTok{          x2 <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(x, }\DataTypeTok{replace =}\OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{)}
          \KeywordTok{mean}\NormalTok{(x2)\})}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{hist}\NormalTok{(all_mean)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\includegraphics{testFile_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-41-1.pdf}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{c1 <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{quantile}\NormalTok{(all_mean, }\DataTypeTok{probs =} \KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{0.025}\NormalTok{, }\FloatTok{0.975}\NormalTok{))}
\NormalTok{c1}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##       2.5%      97.5% 
## -0.3151715  0.6185938
\end{verbatim}

hist(all\_mean)

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{set.seed}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{); (x <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{rnorm}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] -0.6264538  0.1836433 -0.8356286  1.5952808  0.3295078 -0.8204684
##  [7]  0.4874291  0.7383247  0.5757814 -0.3053884
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{all_mean <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{replicate}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1000}\NormalTok{, \{}
\NormalTok{  (x2 <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(x, }\DataTypeTok{replace =} \OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{))}
  \KeywordTok{mean}\NormalTok{(x2)}
\NormalTok{\})}
\KeywordTok{hist}\NormalTok{(all_mean)}
\NormalTok{(ci <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{quantile}\NormalTok{(all_mean, }\DataTypeTok{probs =} \KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\FloatTok{0.025}\NormalTok{, }\FloatTok{0.975}\NormalTok{)))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##       2.5%      97.5% 
## -0.3151715  0.6185938
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{abline}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{v =}\NormalTok{ ci, }\DataTypeTok{col =} \StringTok{"chartreuse3"}\NormalTok{)}
\KeywordTok{abline}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{v =} \DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{col =} \StringTok{"red"}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\includegraphics{testFile_files/figure-latex/unnamed-chunk-42-1.pdf}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{my_mtcars <-}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{mtcars[}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"mpg"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"hp"}\NormalTok{)]}
\NormalTok{my_mtcars}\OperatorTok{$}\NormalTok{my_col <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{sample}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"mpg"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"hp"}\NormalTok{), }\DataTypeTok{size =} \KeywordTok{nrow}\NormalTok{(my_mtcars), }\DataTypeTok{replace =} \OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{)}
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(my_mtcars)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##                    mpg  hp my_col
## Mazda RX4         21.0 110     hp
## Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0 110     hp
## Datsun 710        22.8  93    mpg
## Hornet 4 Drive    21.4 110     hp
## Hornet Sportabout 18.7 175     hp
## Valiant           18.1 105    mpg
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\CommentTok{#my_mtcars$my_val <- my_mtcars$my_col}

\CommentTok{#my_mtcars$my_val[] == "hp" <-  my_mtcars$my_val[] = my_mtcars$hp[]}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{col <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{match}\NormalTok{(my_mtcars}\OperatorTok{$}\NormalTok{my_col, }\KeywordTok{colnames}\NormalTok{(my_mtcars))}
\NormalTok{row <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{seq_len}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{nrow}\NormalTok{(my_mtcars))}

\KeywordTok{sapply}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{seq_along}\NormalTok{(row), }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(k) \{}
\NormalTok{  my_mtcars[row[k], col[k]]}
  
  
  
  
\NormalTok{\})}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] 110.0 110.0  22.8 110.0 175.0  18.1 245.0  62.0  22.8  19.2  17.8 180.0
## [13]  17.3 180.0  10.4  10.4 230.0  66.0  30.4  33.9  21.5  15.5 150.0  13.3
## [25] 175.0  27.3  26.0 113.0  15.8 175.0 335.0 109.0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{my_mtcars[}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{][}\KeywordTok{cbind}\NormalTok{(row,col)]}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] 110.0 110.0  22.8 110.0 175.0  18.1 245.0  62.0  22.8  19.2  17.8 180.0
## [13]  17.3 180.0  10.4  10.4 230.0  66.0  30.4  33.9  21.5  15.5 150.0  13.3
## [25] 175.0  27.3  26.0 113.0  15.8 175.0 335.0 109.0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{count1 <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{0}
\NormalTok{count2 <-}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{0}
\NormalTok{f <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(i) \{}
\NormalTok{  count1 <-}\StringTok{  }\NormalTok{count1 }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}  \CommentTok{## will assign a new (temporary) count1}
\NormalTok{  count2 <<-}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{count2 }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}  \CommentTok{## will assign count2 on top}
\NormalTok{  i }\OperatorTok{+}\StringTok{ }\DecValTok{1}
\NormalTok{\}}
\KeywordTok{sapply}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{10}\NormalTok{, f)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1]  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{count1}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1] 0
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{count2}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1] 10
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{f1 <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(...) \{}
  \KeywordTok{list}\NormalTok{(...)}
\NormalTok{\}}
\KeywordTok{f1}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{a =} \DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{b =} \DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## $a
## [1] 2
## 
## $b
## [1] 3
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{summary}\NormalTok{(iris)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##   Sepal.Length    Sepal.Width     Petal.Length    Petal.Width   
##  Min.   :4.300   Min.   :2.000   Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.100  
##  1st Qu.:5.100   1st Qu.:2.800   1st Qu.:1.600   1st Qu.:0.300  
##  Median :5.800   Median :3.000   Median :4.350   Median :1.300  
##  Mean   :5.843   Mean   :3.057   Mean   :3.758   Mean   :1.199  
##  3rd Qu.:6.400   3rd Qu.:3.300   3rd Qu.:5.100   3rd Qu.:1.800  
##  Max.   :7.900   Max.   :4.400   Max.   :6.900   Max.   :2.500  
##        Species  
##  setosa    :50  
##  versicolor:50  
##  virginica :50  
##                 
##                 
## 
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{agent007 <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{list}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{first =} \StringTok{"James"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{last =} \StringTok{"Bond"}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{agent007}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## $first
## [1] "James"
## 
## $last
## [1] "Bond"
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{class}\NormalTok{(agent007) <-}\StringTok{ "Person"}  \CommentTok{## "agent007" is now an object of class "Person"}
\CommentTok{# Just make a function called <method_name>.<class_name>()}
\NormalTok{print.Person <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(x) \{}
  \KeywordTok{print}\NormalTok{(glue}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{glue}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"My name is \{x$last\}, \{x$first\} \{x$last\}."}\NormalTok{))}
  \KeywordTok{invisible}\NormalTok{(x)}
\NormalTok{\}}


\NormalTok{Person <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(first, last) \{}
  \KeywordTok{structure}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{list}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{first =}\NormalTok{ first, }\DataTypeTok{last =}\NormalTok{ last), }\DataTypeTok{class =} \StringTok{"Person"}\NormalTok{)}
\NormalTok{\}}
\NormalTok{(me <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{Person}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Florian"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Privé"}\NormalTok{))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## My name is Privé, Florian Privé.
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{Worker <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(first, last, job) \{}
\NormalTok{  obj <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{Person}\NormalTok{(first, last)}
\NormalTok{  obj}\OperatorTok{$}\NormalTok{job <-}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{job}
  \KeywordTok{class}\NormalTok{(obj) <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Worker"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{class}\NormalTok{(obj))}
\NormalTok{  obj}
\NormalTok{\}}
\NormalTok{print.Worker <-}\StringTok{ }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(x) \{}
  \KeywordTok{print.Person}\NormalTok{(x) }
  \KeywordTok{print}\NormalTok{(glue}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{glue}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"I am a \{x$job\}."}\NormalTok{))}
  \KeywordTok{invisible}\NormalTok{(x)}
\NormalTok{\}}

\NormalTok{(worker_}\DecValTok{007}\NormalTok{ <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{Worker}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"James"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Bond"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"secret agent"}\NormalTok{))}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## My name is Bond, James Bond.
## I am a secret agent.
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{methods}\NormalTok{(summary)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
##  [1] summary.aov                         summary.aovlist*                   
##  [3] summary.aspell*                     summary.check_packages_in_dir*     
##  [5] summary.connection                  summary.data.frame                 
##  [7] summary.Date                        summary.default                    
##  [9] summary.ecdf*                       summary.factor                     
## [11] summary.glm                         summary.infl*                      
## [13] summary.lm                          summary.loess*                     
## [15] summary.manova                      summary.matrix                     
## [17] summary.mlm*                        summary.nls*                       
## [19] summary.packageStatus*              summary.POSIXct                    
## [21] summary.POSIXlt                     summary.ppr*                       
## [23] summary.prcomp*                     summary.princomp*                  
## [25] summary.proc_time                   summary.rlang_error*               
## [27] summary.rlang_message*              summary.rlang_trace*               
## [29] summary.rlang_warning*              summary.rlang:::list_of_conditions*
## [31] summary.skim_df*                    summary.srcfile                    
## [33] summary.srcref                      summary.stepfun                    
## [35] summary.stl*                        summary.table                      
## [37] summary.tukeysmooth*                summary.vctrs_sclr*                
## [39] summary.vctrs_vctr*                 summary.warnings                   
## see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
\end{verbatim}

\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{list_of_int <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{as.list}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{5}\NormalTok{)}
\KeywordTok{do.call}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"c"}\NormalTok{, list_of_int)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}

\begin{verbatim}
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5
\end{verbatim}

\end{document}