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CLUSTER
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ais cluster command

The ais cluster command is the main tool for monitoring and managing an AIS (AIStore) cluster. It provides functionalities to

  • add or remove nodes
  • change the primary gateway
  • join (or merge) two AIS clusters, and
  • perform a variety of administrative operations.

The command has the following subcommands:

$ ais cluster <TAB-TAB>

show               remote-detach      set-primary        shutdown           add-remove-nodes    reload-backend-creds
remote-attach      rebalance          download-logs      decommission       reset-stats

Important: with the single exception of add-remove-nodes, all the other the commands listed above operate on the level of the entire cluster. Node level operations (e.g., shutting down a given selected node, etc.) can be found under add-remove-nodes.

Alternatively, use --help to show subcommands with brief descriptions:

$ ais cluster  --help
NAME:
   ais cluster - monitor and manage AIS cluster: add/remove nodes, change primary gateway, etc.

USAGE:
   ais cluster command [arguments...] [command options]

COMMANDS:
   show              show cluster nodes and utilization
   remote-attach     attach remote ais cluster
   remote-detach     detach remote ais cluster
   rebalance         administratively start and stop global rebalance; show global rebalance
   set-primary       select a new primary proxy/gateway
   shutdown          shut down entire cluster
   decommission      decommission entire cluster
   add-remove-nodes  manage cluster membership (add/remove nodes, temporarily or permanently)
   reset-stats       reset cluster or node stats (all cumulative metrics or only errors)

As always, each subcommand will have its own help and usage examples, the latter possibly spread across multiple documents.

Note: for any keyword or text of any kind, you can easily look up examples and descriptions via a simple find or git grep, for instance:

$ find . -type f -name "*.md" | xargs grep "ais.*mountpath"

Note that there is a single CLI command to grow a cluster, and multiple commands to scale it down.

Scaling down can be done gracefully or forcefully, and also temporarily or permanently.

For background, usage examples, and details, please see this document.

Adding/removing nodes

The corresponding functionality can be found under the subcommand called add-remove-nodes:

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes --help
NAME:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes - manage cluster membership (add/remove nodes, temporarily or permanently)

USAGE:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes command [arguments...] [command options]

COMMANDS:
   join               add a node to the cluster
   start-maintenance  put node in maintenance mode, temporarily suspend its operation
   stop-maintenance   activate node by taking it back from "maintenance"
   decommission       safely and permanently remove node from the cluster

   shutdown           shutdown a node, gracefully or immediately;
                      note: upon shutdown the node won't be decommissioned - it'll remain in the cluster map
                      and can be manually restarted to rejoin the cluster at any later time;
                      see also: 'ais advanced remove-from-smap'

Table of Contents

Cluster and Node status

The command has a rather long(ish) short description and multiple subcommands:

$ ais show cluster --help
NAME:
   ais show cluster - main dashboard: cluster at-a-glance (nodes, software versions, utilization, capacity, memory and more)

USAGE:
   ais show cluster command [NODE_ID] | [target [NODE_ID]] | [proxy [NODE_ID]] | [command options]
                       [smap [NODE_ID]] | [bmd [NODE_ID]] | [config [NODE_ID]] | [stats [NODE_ID]]

COMMANDS:
   smap    show cluster map (Smap)
   bmd     show bucket metadata (BMD)
   config  show cluster and node configuration
   stats   (alias for "ais show performance") show performance counters, throughput, latency and more (press <TAB-TAB> to select specific view)

OPTIONS:
   --refresh value   interval for continuous monitoring;
                     valid time units: ns, us (or µs), ms, s (default), m, h
   --count value     used together with '--refresh' to limit the number of generated reports (default: 0)
   --json, -j        json input/output
   --no-headers, -H  display tables without headers
   --help, -h        show help

To quickly exemplify, let's assume the cluster has a (target) node called t[xyz]. Then:

Main CLI dashboard: all storage nodes and gateways, deployed version, capacity, memory, and runtime stats:

$ ais show cluster

same as above, with only targets selected

$ ais show cluster target

show specific target

$ ais show cluster target t[xyz]

ask specific target to show its cluster map

$ ais show cluster smap t[xyz]

and so on and so forth.

Notes

The last example (above) may potentially make sense when troubleshooting. Otherwise, by design and implementation, cluster map (Smap), bucket metadata (BMD), and all other cluster-level metadata exists in identical protected and versioned replicas on all nodes at any given point in time.

Still, to display cluster map in its (JSON) fullness, run:

$ ais show cluster smap --json

--json option is almost universally supported in CLI

Similar to all other show commands, ais cluster show is an alias for ais cluster show. Both can be used interchangeably.

Options

$ ais show cluster smap --help

NAME:
   ais show cluster smap - Show cluster map (Smap)

USAGE:
   ais show cluster smap [NODE_ID] [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --count value     Used together with '--refresh' to limit the number of generated reports, e.g.:
                      '--refresh 10 --count 5' - run 5 times with 10s interval (default: 0)
   --json, -j        JSON input/output
   --no-headers, -H  Display tables without headers
   --refresh value   Time interval for continuous monitoring; can be also used to update progress bar (at a given interval);
                     valid time units: ns, us (or µs), ms, s (default), m, h
   --help, -h        Show help

Examples

$ ais show cluster
PROXY            MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       UPTIME
pufGp8080[P]     0.28%           15.43GiB        17m
ETURp8083        0.26%           15.43GiB        17m
sgahp8082        0.26%           15.43GiB        17m
WEQRp8084        0.27%           15.43GiB        17m
Watdp8081        0.26%           15.43GiB        17m

TARGET           MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       CAP USED %      CAP AVAIL       CPU USED %      REBALANCE       UPTIME
iPbHt8088        0.28%           15.43GiB        14.00%          1.178TiB        0.13%           -               17m
Zgmlt8085        0.28%           15.43GiB        14.00%          1.178TiB        0.13%           -               17m
oQZCt8089        0.28%           15.43GiB        14.00%          1.178TiB        0.14%           -               17m
dIzMt8086        0.28%           15.43GiB        14.00%          1.178TiB        0.13%           -               17m
YodGt8087        0.28%           15.43GiB        14.00%          1.178TiB        0.14%           -               17m

Summary:
 Proxies:       5 (0 - unelectable)
 Targets:       5
 Primary Proxy: pufGp8080
 Smap Version:  14
 Deployment:    dev

Show cluster map

ais show cluster smap [NODE_ID]

Show a copy of the cluster map (Smap) stored on NODE_ID.

If NODE_ID is not given, show cluster map from (primary or secondary) proxy "pointed to" by your local CLI configuration (ais config cli) or AIS_ENDPOINT environment.

Note that cluster map (Smap), bucket metadata (BMD), and all other cluster-level metadata exists in identical protected and versioned replicas on all nodes at any given point in time.

Useful variations include ais show cluster smap --json (to see the unabridged version), and also:

$ ais show cluster smap --refresh 5

The latter will periodically (until Ctrl-C) show cluster map in 5-second intervals - might be useful in presence of any kind of membership changes (e.g., cluster startup).

Options

$ ais show cluster smap --help

NAME:
   ais show cluster smap - Show cluster map (Smap)

USAGE:
   ais show cluster smap [NODE_ID] [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --count value     Used together with '--refresh' to limit the number of generated reports, e.g.:
                      '--refresh 10 --count 5' - run 5 times with 10s interval (default: 0)
   --json, -j        JSON input/output
   --no-headers, -H  Display tables without headers
   --refresh value   Time interval for continuous monitoring; can be also used to update progress bar (at a given interval);
                     valid time units: ns, us (or µs), ms, s (default), m, h
   --help, -h        Show help

Examples

Show smap from a given node

Ask a specific node for its cluster map (Smap) replica:

$ ais show cluster smap <TAB-TAB>
... p[ETURp8083] ...

$ ais show cluster smap p[ETURp8083]
NODE             TYPE    PUBLIC URL
ETURp8083        proxy   http://127.0.0.1:8083
WEQRp8084        proxy   http://127.0.0.1:8084
Watdp8081        proxy   http://127.0.0.1:8081
pufGp8080[P]     proxy   http://127.0.0.1:8080
sgahp8082        proxy   http://127.0.0.1:8082

NODE             TYPE    PUBLIC URL
YodGt8087        target  http://127.0.0.1:8087
Zgmlt8085        target  http://127.0.0.1:8085
dIzMt8086        target  http://127.0.0.1:8086
iPbHt8088        target  http://127.0.0.1:8088
oQZCt8089        target  http://127.0.0.1:8089

Non-Electable:

Primary Proxy: pufGp8080
Proxies: 5       Targets: 5      Smap Version: 14

Show cluster stats

ais show cluster stats is a alias for ais show performance.

The latter is the primary implementation, and the preferred way to investigate cluster performance, while ais show cluster stats is retained in part for convenience and in part for backward compatibility.

$ ais show cluster stats <TAB-TAB>

counters     throughput   latency      capacity     disk
$ ais show cluster stats --help

NAME:
   ais show cluster stats - (alias for "ais show performance") Show performance counters, throughput, latency, disks, used/available capacities (press <TAB-TAB> to select specific view)

USAGE:
   ais show cluster stats command [TARGET_ID]  [command options]

COMMANDS:
   counters    Show (GET, PUT, DELETE, RENAME, EVICT, APPEND) object counts, as well as:
               - numbers of list-objects requests;
               - (GET, PUT, etc.) cumulative and average sizes;
               - associated error counters, if any, and more.
   throughput  Show GET and PUT throughput, associated (cumulative, average) sizes and counters
   latency     Show GET, PUT, and APPEND latencies and average sizes
   capacity    Show target mountpaths, disks, and used/available capacity
   disk        Show disk utilization and read/write statistics

OPTIONS:
   --average-size       Show average GET, PUT, etc. request size
   --count value        Used together with '--refresh' to limit the number of generated reports, e.g.:
                         '--refresh 10 --count 5' - run 5 times with 10s interval (default: 0)
   --no-headers, -H     Display tables without headers
   --non-verbose, --nv  Non-verbose (quiet) output, minimized reporting, fewer warnings
   --refresh value      Time interval for continuous monitoring; can be also used to update progress bar (at a given interval);
                        valid time units: ns, us (or µs), ms, s (default), m, h
   --regex value        Regular expression to select table columns (case-insensitive), e.g.:
                         --regex "put|err" - show PUT (count), PUT (total size), and all supported error counters;
                         --regex "Put|ERR" - same as above;
                         --regex "[a-z]" - show all supported metrics, including those that have zero values across all nodes;
                         --regex "(AWS-GET$|VERSION-CHANGE$)" - show the number object version changes (updates) and cold GETs from AWS
                         --regex "(gcp-get$|version-change$)" - same as above for Google Cloud ('gs://')
   --units value        Show statistics and/or parse command-line specified sizes using one of the following units of measurement:
                        iec - IEC format, e.g.: KiB, MiB, GiB (default)
                        si  - SI (metric) format, e.g.: KB, MB, GB
                        raw - do not convert to (or from) human-readable format
   --verbose, -v        Verbose output
   --help, -h           Show help

See also:

Show disk stats

ais show storage disk [TARGET_ID] - show disk utilization and read/write statistics

$ ais show storage disk --help
NAME:
   ais show storage disk - show disk utilization and read/write statistics

USAGE:
   ais show storage disk [TARGET_ID] [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --refresh value   interval for continuous monitoring;
                     valid time units: ns, us (or µs), ms, s (default), m, h
   --count value     used together with '--refresh' to limit the number of generated reports (default: 0)
   --no-headers, -H  display tables without headers
   --units value     show statistics and/or parse command-line specified sizes using one of the following _units of measurement_:
                     iec - IEC format, e.g.: KiB, MiB, GiB (default)
                     si  - SI (metric) format, e.g.: KB, MB, GB
                     raw - do not convert to (or from) human-readable format
   --regex value     regular expression to select table columns (case-insensitive), e.g.: --regex "put|err"
   --summary         tally up target disks to show per-target read/write summary stats and average utilizations
   --help, -h        show help

When TARGET_ID is not given, disk stats for all targets will be shown and aggregated.

Options

$ ais show storage disk --help

NAME:
   ais show storage disk - Show disk utilization and read/write statistics

USAGE:
   ais show storage disk [TARGET_ID] [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --count value     Used together with '--refresh' to limit the number of generated reports, e.g.:
                      '--refresh 10 --count 5' - run 5 times with 10s interval (default: 0)
   --no-headers, -H  Display tables without headers
   --refresh value   Time interval for continuous monitoring; can be also used to update progress bar (at a given interval);
                     valid time units: ns, us (or µs), ms, s (default), m, h
   --regex value     Regular expression to select table columns (case-insensitive), e.g.:
                      --regex "put|err" - show PUT (count), PUT (total size), and all supported error counters;
                      --regex "Put|ERR" - same as above;
                      --regex "[a-z]" - show all supported metrics, including those that have zero values across all nodes;
                      --regex "(AWS-GET$|VERSION-CHANGE$)" - show the number object version changes (updates) and cold GETs from AWS
                      --regex "(gcp-get$|version-change$)" - same as above for Google Cloud ('gs://')
   --summary         Tally up target disks to show per-target read/write summary stats and average utilizations
   --units value     Show statistics and/or parse command-line specified sizes using one of the following units of measurement:
                     iec - IEC format, e.g.: KiB, MiB, GiB (default)
                     si  - SI (metric) format, e.g.: KB, MB, GB
                     raw - do not convert to (or from) human-readable format
   --help, -h        Show help

Examples

Display disk reports stats N times every M seconds

Display 5 reports of all targets' disk statistics, with 10s intervals between each report.

$ ais show storage disk --count 2 --refresh 10s
Target		Disk	Read		Write		%Util
163171t8088	sda	6.00KiB/s	171.00KiB/s	49
948212t8089	sda	6.00KiB/s	171.00KiB/s	49
41981t8085	sda	6.00KiB/s	171.00KiB/s	49
490062t8086	sda	6.00KiB/s	171.00KiB/s	49
164472t8087	sda	6.00KiB/s	171.00KiB/s	49

Target		Disk	Read		Write		%Util
163171t8088	sda	1.00KiB/s	4.26MiB/s	96
41981t8085	sda	1.00KiB/s	4.26MiB/s	96
948212t8089	sda	1.00KiB/s	4.26MiB/s	96
490062t8086	sda	1.00KiB/s	4.29MiB/s	96
164472t8087	sda	1.00KiB/s	4.26MiB/s	96

Managing cluster membership

The ais cluster add-remove-nodes command supports adding, removing, and maintaining nodes within the cluster. It allows administrators to dynamically adjust the cluster's composition, handle maintenance operations, and ensure availability and correctness during transitions when nodes are added or removed.

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes --help

NAME:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes - Manage cluster membership (add/remove nodes, temporarily or permanently)

USAGE:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes command [arguments...]  [command options]

COMMANDS:
   join               Add a node to the cluster
   start-maintenance  Put node in maintenance mode, temporarily suspend its operation
   stop-maintenance   Take node out of maintenance mode - activate
   decommission       Safely and permanently remove node from the cluster
   shutdown           Shutdown a node, gracefully or immediately;
                      note: upon shutdown the node won't be decommissioned - it'll remain in the cluster map
                      and can be manually restarted to rejoin the cluster at any later time;
                      see also: 'ais advanced remove-from-smap'

OPTIONS:
   --help, -h  Show help

Join a node

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes join --help
NAME:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes join - add a node to the cluster

USAGE:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes join IP:PORT [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --role value     role of this AIS daemon: proxy or target
   --non-electable  this proxy must not be elected as primary (advanced use)
   --help, -h       show help

AIStore has two kinds of node: proxie (gateways) and targets (storage nodes). That's why --role is a mandatory option that must have one of the two values:

  • --role=proxy or
  • --role=target

Note: aisnode will try to join cluster using its persistent ID. If you need to specify an ID, you can do so via aisnode executable command line.

Example: join a proxy node

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes join --role=proxy 192.168.0.185:8086
Proxy with ID "23kfa10f" successfully joined the cluster.

Any proxy can be potentially elected as primary; to mark certain proxies as non-electable, run (e.g.):

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes join 192.168.0.185:8086 --role=proxy --non-electable

Remove a node

Temporarily remove an existing node from the cluster

ais cluster add-remove-nodes start-maintenance NODE_ID ais cluster add-remove-nodes stop-maintenance NODE_ID

Starting maintenance puts the node in maintenance mode, and the cluster gradually transitions to operating without the specified node (which is labeled maintenance in the cluster map). Stopping maintenance will revert this.

ais cluster add-remove-nodes shutdown NODE_ID

Shutting down a node will put the node in maintenance mode first, and then shut down the aisnode process on the node.

Permanently remove an existing node from the cluster

ais cluster add-remove-nodes decommission NODE_ID

Decommissioning a node will safely remove a node from the cluster by triggering a cluster-wide rebalance first. This can be avoided by specifying --no-rebalance.

Options

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes decommission --help

NAME:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes decommission - Safely and permanently remove node from the cluster

USAGE:
   ais cluster add-remove-nodes decommission NODE_ID [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --keep-initial-config  Keep the original plain-text configuration the node was deployed with
                          (the option can be used to restart aisnode from scratch)
   --no-rebalance         Do _not_ run global rebalance after putting node in maintenance (caution: advanced usage only)
   --no-shutdown          Do not shutdown node upon decommissioning it from the cluster
   --rm-user-data         Remove all user data when decommissioning node from the cluster
   --yes, -y              Assume 'yes' to all questions
   --help, -h             Show help

Examples

Decommission node

Permananently remove proxy p[omWp8083] from the cluster:

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes decommission <TAB-TAB>
p[cFOp8082]   p[Hqhp8085]   p[omWp8083]   t[bFat8087]   t[Icjt8089]   t[ofPt8091]
p[dpKp8084]   p[NGVp8081]   p[Uerp8080]   t[erbt8086]   t[IDDt8090]   t[TKSt8088]

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes decommission p[omWp8083]

Node "omWp8083" has been successfully removed from the cluster.

To terminate aisnode on a given machine, use the shutdown command, e.g.:

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes shutdown t[23kfa10f]

Similar to the maintenance option, shutdown triggers global rebalancing then shuts down the corresponding aisnode process (target t[23kfa10f] in the example above).

Temporarily put node in maintenance

$ ais show cluster
PROXY            MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       UPTIME
202446p8082      0.09%           31.28GiB        70s
279128p8080[P]   0.11%           31.28GiB        80s

TARGET           MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       CAP USED %      CAP AVAIL       CPU USED %      REBALANCE       UPTIME
147665t8084      0.10%           31.28GiB        16%             2.458TiB        0.12%           -               70s
165274t8087      0.10%           31.28GiB        16%             2.458TiB        0.12%           -               70s

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes start-maintenance 147665t8084
$ ais show cluster
PROXY            MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       UPTIME
202446p8082      0.09%           31.28GiB        70s
279128p8080[P]   0.11%           31.28GiB        80s

TARGET           MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       CAP USED %      CAP AVAIL       CPU USED %      REBALANCE       UPTIME  STATUS
147665t8084      0.10%           31.28GiB        16%             2.458TiB        0.12%           -               71s     maintenance
165274t8087      0.10%           31.28GiB        16%             2.458TiB        0.12%           -               71s     online

Take a node out of maintenance

$ ais cluster add-remove-nodes stop-maintenance t[147665t8084]
$ ais show cluster
PROXY            MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       UPTIME
202446p8082      0.09%           31.28GiB        80s
279128p8080[P]   0.11%           31.28GiB        90s

TARGET           MEM USED %      MEM AVAIL       CAP USED %      CAP AVAIL       CPU USED %      REBALANCE       UPTIME
147665t8084      0.10%           31.28GiB        16%             2.458TiB        0.12%           -               80s
165274t8087      0.10%           31.28GiB        16%             2.458TiB        0.12%           -               80s

Remote AIS cluster

Given an arbitrary pair of AIS clusters A and B, cluster B can be attached to cluster A, thus providing (to A) a fully-accessible (list-able, readable, writeable) backend.

For background, terminology, and definitions, and for many more usage examples, please see:

Attach remote cluster

ais cluster remote-attach UUID=URL [UUID=URL...]

or

ais cluster remote-attach ALIAS=URL [ALIAS=URL...]

Attach a remote AIS cluster to a local one via the remote cluster public URL. Alias (a user-defined name) can be used instead of cluster UUID for convenience. For more details and background on remote clustering, please refer to this document.

Examples

Attach two remote clusters, the first - by its UUID, the second one - via user-friendly alias (two).

$ ais cluster remote-attach a345e890=http://one.remote:51080 two=http://two.remote:51080`

Detach remote cluster

ais cluster remote-detach UUID|ALIAS

Detach a remote cluster using its alias or UUID.

Examples

Example below assumes that the remote has user-given alias two:

$ ais cluster remote-detach two

Show remote clusters

ais show remote-cluster

Show details about attached remote clusters.

Examples

The following two commands attach and then show the remote cluster at the address my.remote.ais:51080:

$ ais cluster remote-attach alias111=http://my.remote.ais:51080
Remote cluster (alias111=http://my.remote.ais:51080) successfully attached
$ ais show remote-cluster
UUID      URL                     Alias     Primary         Smap  Targets  Online
eKyvPyHr  my.remote.ais:51080     alias111  p[80381p11080]  v27   10       yes

Notice that:

  • user can assign an arbitrary name (aka alias) to a given remote cluster
  • the remote cluster does not have to be online at attachment time; offline or currently unreachable clusters are shown as follows:
$ ais show remote-cluster
UUID        URL                       Alias     Primary         Smap  Targets  Online
eKyvPyHr    my.remote.ais:51080       alias111  p[primary1]     v27   10       no
<alias222>  <other.remote.ais:51080>            n/a             n/a   n/a      no

Notice the difference between the first and the second lines in the printout above: while both clusters appear to be currently offline (see the rightmost column), the first one was accessible at some earlier time and therefore we show that it has (in this example) 10 storage nodes and other details.

To detach any of the previously configured associations, simply run:

$ ais cluster remote-detach alias111
$ ais show remote-cluster
UUID        URL                       Alias     Primary         Smap  Targets  Online
<alias222>  <other.remote.ais:51080>            n/a             n/a   n/a      no

Reset (ie., zero out) stats counters and other metrics

ais cluster reset-stats

Example and usage

$ ais cluster reset-stats --help

NAME:
   ais cluster reset-stats - reset cluster or node stats (all cumulative metrics or only errors)

USAGE:
   ais cluster reset-stats [NODE_ID] [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --errors-only  reset only error counters
   --help, -h     show help

Let's go ahead and reset all error counters:

$ ais cluster reset-stats --errors-only

Cluster error metrics successfully reset

Reload backend credentials

The ais cluster reload-backend-creds command provides for adding new or updating existing backend credentials at runtime.

This improvement addresses a common scenario we encountered prior to version 3.26:

  • A new potential user requests access to a given AIS cluster.
  • The user already has an S3 bucket (or it could be a GCP, Azure, or OCI bucket).
  • We verify that the cluster has network access to the user's bucket.
  • We need to add the user's credentials to allow AIS nodes to access the bucket.

Before version 3.26, the final step required a cluster restart. But now, with reload-backend-creds, you can seamlessly add or update credentials without any downtime.

$ ais cluster reload-backend-creds --help
NAME:
   ais cluster reload-backend-creds - Reload (updated) backend credentials

USAGE:
   ais cluster reload-backend-creds [PROVIDER] [command options]

OPTIONS:
   --help, -h  Show help