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Laravel Advanced Eloquent
Vladimir Lelicanin - SAE Institute
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Laravel Advanced Eloquent

Introduction

  • Eloquent ORM is a PHP library used for working with databases
  • Allows high-level queries instead of writing SQL statements
  • Provides relation mappings, eager loading, and other useful features
  • Advanced Eloquent takes advantage of these features for more complex situations

Model Scopes

  • A method on a model that returns a query builder instance
  • Can be chained onto a query to apply logic globally
  • Great for repetitive queries or to abstract complex queries
  • Example:
class Post extends Model
{
  public function scopePublished($query)
  {
    return $query->where('published', true);
  }
}

// Usage:
$posts = Post::published()->get();

More information: Laravel documentation

Global Scopes

  • Similar to model scopes but applied to every query automatically
  • Can be useful for multi-tenant applications or certain security requirements
  • Example:
class TenantScope implements Scope
{
  public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model)
  {
    $builder->where('tenant_id', auth()->user()->tenant_id);
  }
}

// In the model:
protected static function boot()
{
  parent::boot();
  static::addGlobalScope(new TenantScope());
}

// Usage:
$posts = Post::all();

More information: Laravel documentation

Polymorphic Relations

  • One table can belong to multiple other tables with a single relationship
  • Great for keeping records flexible
  • Example:
class Image extends Model
{
  public function imageable()
  {
    return $this->morphTo();
  }
}

class Post extends Model
{
  public function images()
  {
    return $this->morphMany(Image::class, 'imageable');
  }
}

class Product extends Model
{
  public function images()
  {
    return $this->morphMany(Image::class, 'imageable');
  }
}

// Usage:
$postImages = $post->images;
$productImages = $product->images;

More information: Laravel documentation

Accessors and Mutators

  • Used to modify or retrieve Eloquent model attributes
  • Great for formatting data before or after it's saved to the database
  • Example:
class User extends Model
{
  public function getNameAttribute($value)
  {
    return ucfirst($value);
  }
  
  public function setPasswordAttribute($value)
  {
    $this->attributes['password'] = bcrypt($value);
  }
}

// Usage:
$user = new User();
$user->name = 'john';
$user->password = 'password123';
$user->save();
echo $user->name; // John

More information: Laravel documentation

Model Observers

  • Listens for specific Eloquent model events
  • Can be used to perform additional actions during those events
  • Example:
class UserObserver
{
  public function created(User $user)
  {
      Mail::to($user->email)->send(new WelcomeEmail());
  }
}

// In a service provider:
public function boot()
{
  User::observe(UserObserver::class);
}

// Usage:
$user = new User();
$user->name = 'Jane';
$user->email = '[email protected]';
$user->password = 'password123';
$user->save(); // Sends welcome email to [email protected]

More information: Laravel documentation

Eager Loading

  • Used to load relationships with fewer queries
  • Can help performance by reducing database trips
  • Example:
// Without eager loading:
$users = User::all();
foreach ($users as $user) {
  echo $user->posts->count(); // N+1 problem
}

// With eager loading:
$users = User::with('posts')->get();
foreach ($users as $user) {
  echo $user->posts->count(); // No additional queries
}

More information: Laravel documentation

Query Optimization

  • Use select, where, and orderBy to optimize queries
  • Use the DB::enableQueryLog() and DB::getQueryLog() methods to analyze queries
  • Example:
DB::enableQueryLog();

$posts = Post::select('id', 'title')
    ->where('user_id', 1)
    ->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
    ->get();

dd(DB::getQueryLog());

More information: Laravel documentation

Caching

  • Cache data to reduce database trips
  • Several cache systems supported by Laravel, including Redis and Memcached
  • Example:
$posts = Cache::remember('posts.all', 3600, function () {
  return Post::all();
});

// Data is now cached for one hour

More information: Laravel documentation

Raw Expressions

  • Allows you to write raw SQL in Eloquent queries
  • Can be useful for more complex queries that are difficult to achieve with Eloquent
  • Example:
DB::table('users')
  ->select(DB::raw('count(*) as user_count, status'))
  ->where('status', '<>', 1)
  ->groupBy('status')
  ->get();

More information: Laravel documentation

SubQueries

  • Allows you to nest queries within other queries
  • Can be useful for advanced filtering or grouping
  • Example:
$posts = Post::where('created_at', '>=', function($query) {
  $query->selectRaw('DATE_SUB(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 WEEK)')
    ->from('posts')
    ->where('published', true)
    ->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
    ->skip(10)
    ->take(1);
})->get();

More information: Laravel documentation

Inserting & Updating Records

  • Use create() to insert a new record
  • Use the update() method for updating records
  • Example:
// Creating a new record:
Post::create([
  'title' => 'My New Post',
  'body' => 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'
]);

// Updating a record:
$post = Post::find(1);
$post->update([
  'title' => 'My Updated Post',
  'body' => 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.'
]);

More information: Laravel documentation

Soft Deleting

  • Use soft deleting to mark records as deleted instead of actually deleting them
  • Can be useful for accidentally deleted records or records that need to be retrieved later
  • Example:
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;

class Post extends Model
{
  use SoftDeletes;
  
  protected $dates = ['deleted_at'];
}

// Usage:
$post = Post::find(1);
$post->delete(); // Sets deleted_at timestamp, but doesn't actually delete the record

More information: Laravel documentation

Events

  • Listen for events during model creation, updating, or deleting
  • Can be useful for additional logging or notifications
  • Example:
class User extends Model
{
  protected static function boot()
  {
    parent::boot();

    static::creating(function ($user) {
        Log::info('User was created', ['user' => $user]);
    });
  }
}

More information: Laravel documentation

Pagination

  • Use the paginate() method to split large result sets into pages
  • Can be useful for search results or long lists
  • Example:
$users = User::paginate(10);

More information: Laravel documentation

Query Builder

  • Use the query builder for more complex queries that aren't supported in Eloquent
  • Can be useful for advanced filtering or grouping
  • Example:
DB::table('users')
  ->select('users.*', 'departments.name as department_name')
  ->join('departments', 'users.department_id', '=', 'departments.id')
  ->where('users.active', true)
  ->orderBy('users.name', 'asc')
  ->get();

More information: Laravel documentation

Conclusion

  • Eloquent is a powerful tool for interacting with databases in Laravel
  • Advanced features such as model scopes, polymorphic relations, and observers can help solve complex problems
  • Use query optimization techniques, caching, and the query builder for maximum performance

References