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qemu-options.hx
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HXCOMM Use DEFHEADING() to define headings in both help text and rST.
HXCOMM Text between SRST and ERST is copied to the rST version and
HXCOMM discarded from C version.
HXCOMM DEF(option, HAS_ARG/0, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask) is used to
HXCOMM construct option structures, enums and help message for specified
HXCOMM architectures.
HXCOMM HXCOMM can be used for comments, discarded from both rST and C.
DEFHEADING(Standard options:)
DEF("help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h,
"-h or -help display this help and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-h``
Display help and exit
ERST
DEF("version", 0, QEMU_OPTION_version,
"-version display version information and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-version``
Display version information and exit
ERST
DEF("machine", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_machine, \
"-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" selects emulated machine ('-machine help' for list)\n"
" property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator\n"
" supported accelerators are kvm, xen, hax, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg (default: tcg)\n"
" vmport=on|off|auto controls emulation of vmport (default: auto)\n"
" dump-guest-core=on|off include guest memory in a core dump (default=on)\n"
" mem-merge=on|off controls memory merge support (default: on)\n"
" aes-key-wrap=on|off controls support for AES key wrapping (default=on)\n"
" dea-key-wrap=on|off controls support for DEA key wrapping (default=on)\n"
" suppress-vmdesc=on|off disables self-describing migration (default=off)\n"
" nvdimm=on|off controls NVDIMM support (default=off)\n"
" memory-encryption=@var{} memory encryption object to use (default=none)\n"
" hmat=on|off controls ACPI HMAT support (default=off)\n"
" memory-backend='backend-id' specifies explicitly provided backend for main RAM (default=none)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-machine [type=]name[,prop=value[,...]]``
Select the emulated machine by name. Use ``-machine help`` to list
available machines.
For architectures which aim to support live migration compatibility
across releases, each release will introduce a new versioned machine
type. For example, the 2.8.0 release introduced machine types
"pc-i440fx-2.8" and "pc-q35-2.8" for the x86\_64/i686 architectures.
To allow live migration of guests from QEMU version 2.8.0, to QEMU
version 2.9.0, the 2.9.0 version must support the "pc-i440fx-2.8"
and "pc-q35-2.8" machines too. To allow users live migrating VMs to
skip multiple intermediate releases when upgrading, new releases of
QEMU will support machine types from many previous versions.
Supported machine properties are:
``accel=accels1[:accels2[:...]]``
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target
architecture, kvm, xen, hax, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg can be available.
By default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator
specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to
initialize.
``vmport=on|off|auto``
Enables emulation of VMWare IO port, for vmmouse etc. auto says
to select the value based on accel. For accel=xen the default is
off otherwise the default is on.
``dump-guest-core=on|off``
Include guest memory in a core dump. The default is on.
``mem-merge=on|off``
Enables or disables memory merge support. This feature, when
supported by the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages
among VMs instances (enabled by default).
``aes-key-wrap=on|off``
Enables or disables AES key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts.
This feature controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created
to allow execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default
is on.
``dea-key-wrap=on|off``
Enables or disables DEA key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts.
This feature controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created
to allow execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default
is on.
``nvdimm=on|off``
Enables or disables NVDIMM support. The default is off.
``memory-encryption=``
Memory encryption object to use. The default is none.
``hmat=on|off``
Enables or disables ACPI Heterogeneous Memory Attribute Table
(HMAT) support. The default is off.
``memory-backend='id'``
An alternative to legacy ``-mem-path`` and ``mem-prealloc`` options.
Allows to use a memory backend as main RAM.
For example:
::
-object memory-backend-file,id=pc.ram,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,prealloc=on,share=on
-machine memory-backend=pc.ram
-m 512M
Migration compatibility note:
* as backend id one shall use value of 'default-ram-id', advertised by
machine type (available via ``query-machines`` QMP command), if migration
to/from old QEMU (<5.0) is expected.
* for machine types 4.0 and older, user shall
use ``x-use-canonical-path-for-ramblock-id=off`` backend option
if migration to/from old QEMU (<5.0) is expected.
For example:
::
-object memory-backend-ram,id=pc.ram,size=512M,x-use-canonical-path-for-ramblock-id=off
-machine memory-backend=pc.ram
-m 512M
ERST
HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine
DEF("M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
DEF("cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu,
"-cpu cpu select CPU ('-cpu help' for list)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-cpu model``
Select CPU model (``-cpu help`` for list and additional feature
selection)
ERST
DEF("accel", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_accel,
"-accel [accel=]accelerator[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" select accelerator (kvm, xen, hax, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg; use 'help' for a list)\n"
" igd-passthru=on|off (enable Xen integrated Intel graphics passthrough, default=off)\n"
" kernel-irqchip=on|off|split controls accelerated irqchip support (default=on)\n"
" kvm-shadow-mem=size of KVM shadow MMU in bytes\n"
" split-wx=on|off (enable TCG split w^x mapping)\n"
" tb-size=n (TCG translation block cache size)\n"
" dirty-ring-size=n (KVM dirty ring GFN count, default 0)\n"
" thread=single|multi (enable multi-threaded TCG)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-accel name[,prop=value[,...]]``
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target
architecture, kvm, xen, hax, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg can be available. By
default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator
specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to
initialize.
``igd-passthru=on|off``
When Xen is in use, this option controls whether Intel
integrated graphics devices can be passed through to the guest
(default=off)
``kernel-irqchip=on|off|split``
Controls KVM in-kernel irqchip support. The default is full
acceleration of the interrupt controllers. On x86, split irqchip
reduces the kernel attack surface, at a performance cost for
non-MSI interrupts. Disabling the in-kernel irqchip completely
is not recommended except for debugging purposes.
``kvm-shadow-mem=size``
Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU.
``split-wx=on|off``
Controls the use of split w^x mapping for the TCG code generation
buffer. Some operating systems require this to be enabled, and in
such a case this will default on. On other operating systems, this
will default off, but one may enable this for testing or debugging.
``tb-size=n``
Controls the size (in MiB) of the TCG translation block cache.
``thread=single|multi``
Controls number of TCG threads. When the TCG is multi-threaded
there will be one thread per vCPU therefore taking advantage of
additional host cores. The default is to enable multi-threading
where both the back-end and front-ends support it and no
incompatible TCG features have been enabled (e.g.
icount/replay).
``dirty-ring-size=n``
When the KVM accelerator is used, it controls the size of the per-vCPU
dirty page ring buffer (number of entries for each vCPU). It should
be a value that is power of two, and it should be 1024 or bigger (but
still less than the maximum value that the kernel supports). 4096
could be a good initial value if you have no idea which is the best.
Set this value to 0 to disable the feature. By default, this feature
is disabled (dirty-ring-size=0). When enabled, KVM will instead
record dirty pages in a bitmap.
ERST
DEF("smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp,
"-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=cpus][,sockets=sockets][,dies=dies][,cores=cores][,threads=threads]\n"
" set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n"
" maxcpus= maximum number of total CPUs, including\n"
" offline CPUs for hotplug, etc\n"
" sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system\n"
" dies= number of CPU dies on one socket (for PC only)\n"
" cores= number of CPU cores on one socket (for PC, it's on one die)\n"
" threads= number of threads on one CPU core\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-smp [[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,sockets=sockets][,dies=dies][,cores=cores][,threads=threads]``
Simulate a SMP system with '\ ``n``\ ' CPUs initially present on
the machine type board. On boards supporting CPU hotplug, the optional
'\ ``maxcpus``\ ' parameter can be set to enable further CPUs to be
added at runtime. If omitted the maximum number of CPUs will be
set to match the initial CPU count. Both parameters are subject to
an upper limit that is determined by the specific machine type chosen.
To control reporting of CPU topology information, the number of sockets,
dies per socket, cores per die, and threads per core can be specified.
The sum `` sockets * cores * dies * threads `` must be equal to the
maximum CPU count. CPU targets may only support a subset of the topology
parameters. Where a CPU target does not support use of a particular
topology parameter, its value should be assumed to be 1 for the purpose
of computing the CPU maximum count.
Either the initial CPU count, or at least one of the topology parameters
must be specified. Values for any omitted parameters will be computed
from those which are given. Historically preference was given to the
coarsest topology parameters when computing missing values (ie sockets
preferred over cores, which were preferred over threads), however, this
behaviour is considered liable to change.
ERST
DEF("numa", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_numa,
"-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]\n"
"-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=node]\n"
"-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance\n"
"-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]\n"
"-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=memory|first-level|second-level|third-level,data-type=access-latency|read-latency|write-latency[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]\n"
"-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=none|direct|complex][,policy=none|write-back|write-through][,line=size]\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]``
\
``-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]``
\
``-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance``
\
``-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]``
\
``-numa hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=hierarchy,data-type=tpye[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]``
\
``-numa hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=str][,policy=str][,line=size]``
Define a NUMA node and assign RAM and VCPUs to it. Set the NUMA
distance from a source node to a destination node. Set the ACPI
Heterogeneous Memory Attributes for the given nodes.
Legacy VCPU assignment uses '\ ``cpus``\ ' option where firstcpu and
lastcpu are CPU indexes. Each '\ ``cpus``\ ' option represent a
contiguous range of CPU indexes (or a single VCPU if lastcpu is
omitted). A non-contiguous set of VCPUs can be represented by
providing multiple '\ ``cpus``\ ' options. If '\ ``cpus``\ ' is
omitted on all nodes, VCPUs are automatically split between them.
For example, the following option assigns VCPUs 0, 1, 2 and 5 to a
NUMA node:
::
-numa node,cpus=0-2,cpus=5
'\ ``cpu``\ ' option is a new alternative to '\ ``cpus``\ ' option
which uses '\ ``socket-id|core-id|thread-id``\ ' properties to
assign CPU objects to a node using topology layout properties of
CPU. The set of properties is machine specific, and depends on used
machine type/'\ ``smp``\ ' options. It could be queried with
'\ ``hotpluggable-cpus``\ ' monitor command. '\ ``node-id``\ '
property specifies node to which CPU object will be assigned, it's
required for node to be declared with '\ ``node``\ ' option before
it's used with '\ ``cpu``\ ' option.
For example:
::
-M pc \
-smp 1,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa node,nodeid=0 -numa node,nodeid=1 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 -numa cpu,node-id=1,socket-id=1
Legacy '\ ``mem``\ ' assigns a given RAM amount to a node (not supported
for 5.1 and newer machine types). '\ ``memdev``\ ' assigns RAM from
a given memory backend device to a node. If '\ ``mem``\ ' and
'\ ``memdev``\ ' are omitted in all nodes, RAM is split equally between them.
'\ ``mem``\ ' and '\ ``memdev``\ ' are mutually exclusive.
Furthermore, if one node uses '\ ``memdev``\ ', all of them have to
use it.
'\ ``initiator``\ ' is an additional option that points to an
initiator NUMA node that has best performance (the lowest latency or
largest bandwidth) to this NUMA node. Note that this option can be
set only when the machine property 'hmat' is set to 'on'.
Following example creates a machine with 2 NUMA nodes, node 0 has
CPU. node 1 has only memory, and its initiator is node 0. Note that
because node 0 has CPU, by default the initiator of node 0 is itself
and must be itself.
::
-machine hmat=on \
-m 2G,slots=2,maxmem=4G \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
-numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
-smp 2,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1
source and destination are NUMA node IDs. distance is the NUMA
distance from source to destination. The distance from a node to
itself is always 10. If any pair of nodes is given a distance, then
all pairs must be given distances. Although, when distances are only
given in one direction for each pair of nodes, then the distances in
the opposite directions are assumed to be the same. If, however, an
asymmetrical pair of distances is given for even one node pair, then
all node pairs must be provided distance values for both directions,
even when they are symmetrical. When a node is unreachable from
another node, set the pair's distance to 255.
Note that the -``numa`` option doesn't allocate any of the specified
resources, it just assigns existing resources to NUMA nodes. This
means that one still has to use the ``-m``, ``-smp`` options to
allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively.
Use '\ ``hmat-lb``\ ' to set System Locality Latency and Bandwidth
Information between initiator and target NUMA nodes in ACPI
Heterogeneous Attribute Memory Table (HMAT). Initiator NUMA node can
create memory requests, usually it has one or more processors.
Target NUMA node contains addressable memory.
In '\ ``hmat-lb``\ ' option, node are NUMA node IDs. hierarchy is
the memory hierarchy of the target NUMA node: if hierarchy is
'memory', the structure represents the memory performance; if
hierarchy is 'first-level\|second-level\|third-level', this
structure represents aggregated performance of memory side caches
for each domain. type of 'data-type' is type of data represented by
this structure instance: if 'hierarchy' is 'memory', 'data-type' is
'access\|read\|write' latency or 'access\|read\|write' bandwidth of
the target memory; if 'hierarchy' is
'first-level\|second-level\|third-level', 'data-type' is
'access\|read\|write' hit latency or 'access\|read\|write' hit
bandwidth of the target memory side cache.
lat is latency value in nanoseconds. bw is bandwidth value, the
possible value and units are NUM[M\|G\|T], mean that the bandwidth
value are NUM byte per second (or MB/s, GB/s or TB/s depending on
used suffix). Note that if latency or bandwidth value is 0, means
the corresponding latency or bandwidth information is not provided.
In '\ ``hmat-cache``\ ' option, node-id is the NUMA-id of the memory
belongs. size is the size of memory side cache in bytes. level is
the cache level described in this structure, note that the cache
level 0 should not be used with '\ ``hmat-cache``\ ' option.
associativity is the cache associativity, the possible value is
'none/direct(direct-mapped)/complex(complex cache indexing)'. policy
is the write policy. line is the cache Line size in bytes.
For example, the following options describe 2 NUMA nodes. Node 0 has
2 cpus and a ram, node 1 has only a ram. The processors in node 0
access memory in node 0 with access-latency 5 nanoseconds,
access-bandwidth is 200 MB/s; The processors in NUMA node 0 access
memory in NUMA node 1 with access-latency 10 nanoseconds,
access-bandwidth is 100 MB/s. And for memory side cache information,
NUMA node 0 and 1 both have 1 level memory cache, size is 10KB,
policy is write-back, the cache Line size is 8 bytes:
::
-machine hmat=on \
-m 2G \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
-smp 2 \
-numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=5 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=200M \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=10 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=100M \
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=0,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8 \
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=1,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8
ERST
DEF("add-fd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_add_fd,
"-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]\n"
" Add 'fd' to fd 'set'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]``
Add a file descriptor to an fd set. Valid options are:
``fd=fd``
This option defines the file descriptor of which a duplicate is
added to fd set. The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or
stderr.
``set=set``
This option defines the ID of the fd set to add the file
descriptor to.
``opaque=opaque``
This option defines a free-form string that can be used to
describe fd.
You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd
set:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| \\
-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \\
-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \\
-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
ERST
DEF("set", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_set,
"-set group.id.arg=value\n"
" set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>\n"
" i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-set group.id.arg=value``
Set parameter arg for item id of type group
ERST
DEF("global", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_global,
"-global driver.property=value\n"
"-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value\n"
" set a global default for a driver property\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-global driver.prop=value``
\
``-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value``
Set default value of driver's property prop to value, e.g.:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img
In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices
which are created automatically by the machine model. To create a
device which is not created automatically and set properties on it,
use -``device``.
-global driver.prop=value is shorthand for -global
driver=driver,property=prop,value=value. The longhand syntax works
even when driver contains a dot.
ERST
DEF("boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot,
"-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]\n"
" [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_time][,strict=on|off]\n"
" 'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)\n"
" 'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on\n"
" 'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms\n"
" 'rb_timeout': the timeout before guest reboot when boot failed, unit is ms\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off][,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_timeout][,strict=on|off]``
Specify boot order drives as a string of drive letters. Valid drive
letters depend on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b
(floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p
(Etherboot from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default.
To apply a particular boot order only on the first startup, specify
it via ``once``. Note that the ``order`` or ``once`` parameter
should not be used together with the ``bootindex`` property of
devices, since the firmware implementations normally do not support
both at the same time.
Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via ``menu=on`` as far
as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot.
A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it
as logo, when option splash=sp\_name is given and menu=on, If
firmware/BIOS supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system
support it. limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a
BMP file in 24 BPP format(true color). The resolution should be
supported by the SVGA mode, so the recommended is 320x240, 640x480,
800x640.
A timeout could be passed to bios, guest will pause for rb\_timeout
ms when boot failed, then reboot. If rb\_timeout is '-1', guest will
not reboot, qemu passes '-1' to bios by default. Currently Seabios
for X86 system support it.
Do strict boot via ``strict=on`` as far as firmware/BIOS supports
it. This only effects when boot priority is changed by bootindex
options. The default is non-strict boot.
.. parsed-literal::
# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk
|qemu_system_x86| -boot order=nc
# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot
|qemu_system_x86| -boot once=d
# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.
|qemu_system_x86| -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000
Note: The legacy format '-boot drives' is still supported but its
use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions.
ERST
DEF("m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m,
"-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]\n"
" configure guest RAM\n"
" size: initial amount of guest memory\n"
" slots: number of hotplug slots (default: none)\n"
" maxmem: maximum amount of guest memory (default: none)\n"
"NOTE: Some architectures might enforce a specific granularity\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]``
Sets guest startup RAM size to megs megabytes. Default is 128 MiB.
Optionally, a suffix of "M" or "G" can be used to signify a value in
megabytes or gigabytes respectively. Optional pair slots, maxmem
could be used to set amount of hotpluggable memory slots and maximum
amount of memory. Note that maxmem must be aligned to the page size.
For example, the following command-line sets the guest startup RAM
size to 1GB, creates 3 slots to hotplug additional memory and sets
the maximum memory the guest can reach to 4GB:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system| -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G
If slots and maxmem are not specified, memory hotplug won't be
enabled and the guest startup RAM will never increase.
ERST
DEF("mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath,
"-mem-path FILE provide backing storage for guest RAM\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mem-path path``
Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in path.
ERST
DEF("mem-prealloc", 0, QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc,
"-mem-prealloc preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-mem-prealloc``
Preallocate memory when using -mem-path.
ERST
DEF("k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k,
"-k language use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-k language``
Use keyboard layout language (for example ``fr`` for French). This
option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC keycodes
(e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC or curses
display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or
PC/Windows hosts.
The available layouts are:
::
ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv
da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th
de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr
The default is ``en-us``.
ERST
HXCOMM Deprecated by -audiodev
DEF("audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help,
"-audio-help show -audiodev equivalent of the currently specified audio settings\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-audio-help``
Will show the -audiodev equivalent of the currently specified
(deprecated) environment variables.
ERST
DEF("audiodev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_audiodev,
"-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" specifies the audio backend to use\n"
" id= identifier of the backend\n"
" timer-period= timer period in microseconds\n"
" in|out.mixing-engine= use mixing engine to mix streams inside QEMU\n"
" in|out.fixed-settings= use fixed settings for host audio\n"
" in|out.frequency= frequency to use with fixed settings\n"
" in|out.channels= number of channels to use with fixed settings\n"
" in|out.format= sample format to use with fixed settings\n"
" valid values: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32\n"
" in|out.voices= number of voices to use\n"
" in|out.buffer-length= length of buffer in microseconds\n"
"-audiodev none,id=id,[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" dummy driver that discards all output\n"
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_ALSA
"-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.dev= name of the audio device to use\n"
" in|out.period-length= length of period in microseconds\n"
" in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
" threshold= threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_COREAUDIO
"-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_DSOUND
"-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" latency= add extra latency to playback in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_OSS
"-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.dev= path of the audio device to use\n"
" in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
" in|out.try-poll= attempt to use poll mode\n"
" try-mmap= try using memory mapped access\n"
" exclusive= open device in exclusive mode\n"
" dsp-policy= set timing policy (0..10), -1 to use fragment mode\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_PA
"-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" server= PulseAudio server address\n"
" in|out.name= source/sink device name\n"
" in|out.latency= desired latency in microseconds\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDIO_SDL
"-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" in|out.buffer-count= number of buffers\n"
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SPICE
"-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
#endif
"-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" path= path of wav file to record\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Adds a new audio backend driver identified by id. There are global
and driver specific properties. Some values can be set differently
for input and output, they're marked with ``in|out.``. You can set
the input's property with ``in.prop`` and the output's property with
``out.prop``. For example:
::
-audiodev alsa,id=example,in.frequency=44110,out.frequency=8000
-audiodev alsa,id=example,out.channels=1 # leaves in.channels unspecified
NOTE: parameter validation is known to be incomplete, in many cases
specifying an invalid option causes QEMU to print an error message
and continue emulation without sound.
Valid global options are:
``id=identifier``
Identifies the audio backend.
``timer-period=period``
Sets the timer period used by the audio subsystem in
microseconds. Default is 10000 (10 ms).
``in|out.mixing-engine=on|off``
Use QEMU's mixing engine to mix all streams inside QEMU and
convert audio formats when not supported by the backend. When
off, fixed-settings must be off too. Note that disabling this
option means that the selected backend must support multiple
streams and the audio formats used by the virtual cards,
otherwise you'll get no sound. It's not recommended to disable
this option unless you want to use 5.1 or 7.1 audio, as mixing
engine only supports mono and stereo audio. Default is on.
``in|out.fixed-settings=on|off``
Use fixed settings for host audio. When off, it will change
based on how the guest opens the sound card. In this case you
must not specify frequency, channels or format. Default is on.
``in|out.frequency=frequency``
Specify the frequency to use when using fixed-settings. Default
is 44100Hz.
``in|out.channels=channels``
Specify the number of channels to use when using fixed-settings.
Default is 2 (stereo).
``in|out.format=format``
Specify the sample format to use when using fixed-settings.
Valid values are: ``s8``, ``s16``, ``s32``, ``u8``, ``u16``,
``u32``, ``f32``. Default is ``s16``.
``in|out.voices=voices``
Specify the number of voices to use. Default is 1.
``in|out.buffer-length=usecs``
Sets the size of the buffer in microseconds.
``-audiodev none,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a dummy backend that discards all outputs. This backend has
no backend specific properties.
``-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates backend using the ALSA. This backend is only available on
Linux.
ALSA specific options are:
``in|out.dev=device``
Specify the ALSA device to use for input and/or output. Default
is ``default``.
``in|out.period-length=usecs``
Sets the period length in microseconds.
``in|out.try-poll=on|off``
Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.
``threshold=threshold``
Threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts. Default is 0.
``-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using Apple's Core Audio. This backend is only
available on Mac OS and only supports playback.
Core Audio specific options are:
``in|out.buffer-count=count``
Sets the count of the buffers.
``-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using Microsoft's DirectSound. This backend is
only available on Windows and only supports playback.
DirectSound specific options are:
``latency=usecs``
Add extra usecs microseconds latency to playback. Default is
10000 (10 ms).
``-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using OSS. This backend is available on most
Unix-like systems.
OSS specific options are:
``in|out.dev=device``
Specify the file name of the OSS device to use. Default is
``/dev/dsp``.
``in|out.buffer-count=count``
Sets the count of the buffers.
``in|out.try-poll=on|of``
Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.
``try-mmap=on|off``
Try using memory mapped device access. Default is off.
``exclusive=on|off``
Open the device in exclusive mode (vmix won't work in this
case). Default is off.
``dsp-policy=policy``
Sets the timing policy (between 0 and 10, where smaller number
means smaller latency but higher CPU usage). Use -1 to use
buffer sizes specified by ``buffer`` and ``buffer-count``. This
option is ignored if you do not have OSS 4. Default is 5.
``-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using PulseAudio. This backend is available on
most systems.
PulseAudio specific options are:
``server=server``
Sets the PulseAudio server to connect to.
``in|out.name=sink``
Use the specified source/sink for recording/playback.
``in|out.latency=usecs``
Desired latency in microseconds. The PulseAudio server will try
to honor this value but actual latencies may be lower or higher.
``-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend using SDL. This backend is available on most
systems, but you should use your platform's native backend if
possible.
SDL specific options are:
``in|out.buffer-count=count``
Sets the count of the buffers.
``-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend that sends audio through SPICE. This backend
requires ``-spice`` and automatically selected in that case, so
usually you can ignore this option. This backend has no backend
specific properties.
``-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Creates a backend that writes audio to a WAV file.
Backend specific options are:
``path=path``
Write recorded audio into the specified file. Default is
``qemu.wav``.
ERST
DEF("soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw,
"-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n"
" and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n"
" use '-soundhw help' to get the list of supported cards\n"
" use '-soundhw all' to enable all of them\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-soundhw card1[,card2,...] or -soundhw all``
Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use 'help' to print all
available sound hardware. For example:
.. parsed-literal::
|qemu_system_x86| -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img
|qemu_system_x86| -soundhw es1370 disk.img
|qemu_system_x86| -soundhw ac97 disk.img
|qemu_system_x86| -soundhw hda disk.img
|qemu_system_x86| -soundhw all disk.img
|qemu_system_x86| -soundhw help
Note that Linux's i810\_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might
require manually specifying clocking.
::
modprobe i810_audio clocking=48000
ERST
DEF("device", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_device,
"-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"
" add device (based on driver)\n"
" prop=value,... sets driver properties\n"
" use '-device help' to print all possible drivers\n"
" use '-device driver,help' to print all possible properties\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Add device driver. prop=value sets driver properties. Valid
properties depend on the driver. To get help on possible drivers and
properties, use ``-device help`` and ``-device driver,help``.
Some drivers are:
``-device ipmi-bmc-sim,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]``
Add an IPMI BMC. This is a simulation of a hardware management
interface processor that normally sits on a system. It provides a
watchdog and the ability to reset and power control the system. You
need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it useful
The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. This
address is the BMC's address on the I2C network of management
controllers. If you don't know what this means, it is safe to ignore
it.
``id=id``
The BMC id for interfaces to use this device.
``slave_addr=val``
Define slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20.
``sdrfile=file``
file containing raw Sensor Data Records (SDR) data. The default
is none.
``fruareasize=val``
size of a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) area. The default is
1024.
``frudatafile=file``
file containing raw Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) inventory data.
The default is none.
``guid=uuid``
value for the GUID for the BMC, in standard UUID format. If this
is set, get "Get GUID" command to the BMC will return it.
Otherwise "Get GUID" will return an error.
``-device ipmi-bmc-extern,id=id,chardev=id[,slave_addr=val]``
Add a connection to an external IPMI BMC simulator. Instead of
locally emulating the BMC like the above item, instead connect to an
external entity that provides the IPMI services.
A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. If you do this,
it is strongly recommended that you use the "reconnect=" chardev
option to reconnect to the simulator if the connection is lost. Note
that if this is not used carefully, it can be a security issue, as
the interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and power off
the VM. It's best if QEMU makes a connection to an external
simulator running on a secure port on localhost, so neither the
simulator nor QEMU is exposed to any outside network.
See the "lanserv/README.vm" file in the OpenIPMI library for more
details on the external interface.
``-device isa-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]``
Add a KCS IPMI interafce on the ISA bus. This also adds a
corresponding ACPI and SMBIOS entries, if appropriate.
``bmc=id``
The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern
above.
``ioport=val``
Define the I/O address of the interface. The default is 0xca0
for KCS.
``irq=val``
Define the interrupt to use. The default is 5. To disable
interrupts, set this to 0.
``-device isa-ipmi-bt,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]``
Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface. The default port
is 0xe4 and the default interrupt is 5.
``-device pci-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id``
Add a KCS IPMI interafce on the PCI bus.
``bmc=id``
The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above.
``-device pci-ipmi-bt,bmc=id``
Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface on the PCI bus.
``-device intel-iommu[,option=...]``
This is only supported by ``-machine q35``, which will enable Intel VT-d
emulation within the guest. It supports below options:
``intremap=on|off`` (default: auto)
This enables interrupt remapping feature. It's required to enable
complete x2apic. Currently it only supports kvm kernel-irqchip modes
``off`` or ``split``, while full kernel-irqchip is not yet supported.
The default value is "auto", which will be decided by the mode of
kernel-irqchip.
``caching-mode=on|off`` (default: off)
This enables caching mode for the VT-d emulated device. When
caching-mode is enabled, each guest DMA buffer mapping will generate an
IOTLB invalidation from the guest IOMMU driver to the vIOMMU device in
a synchronous way. It is required for ``-device vfio-pci`` to work
with the VT-d device, because host assigned devices requires to setup
the DMA mapping on the host before guest DMA starts.
``device-iotlb=on|off`` (default: off)
This enables device-iotlb capability for the emulated VT-d device. So
far virtio/vhost should be the only real user for this parameter,
paired with ats=on configured for the device.
``aw-bits=39|48`` (default: 39)
This decides the address width of IOVA address space. The address
space has 39 bits width for 3-level IOMMU page tables, and 48 bits for
4-level IOMMU page tables.
Please also refer to the wiki page for general scenarios of VT-d
emulation in QEMU: https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VT-d.
ERST
DEF("name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name,
"-name string1[,process=string2][,debug-threads=on|off]\n"
" set the name of the guest\n"
" string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name\n"
" When debug-threads is enabled, individual threads are given a separate name\n"
" NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a stable API.\n",
QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-name name``
Sets the name of the guest. This name will be displayed in the SDL
window caption. The name will also be used for the VNC server. Also
optionally set the top visible process name in Linux. Naming of
individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to aid debugging.
ERST
DEF("uuid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_uuid,
"-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x\n"
" specify machine UUID\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
SRST
``-uuid uuid``