diff --git a/tiledb/query_condition.py b/tiledb/query_condition.py
index b6c1a90ce6..7f910199a7 100644
--- a/tiledb/query_condition.py
+++ b/tiledb/query_condition.py
@@ -222,6 +222,9 @@ def visit_Compare(self, node: Type[ast.Compare]) -> qc.PyQueryCondition:
 
             variable = node.left.id
             values = [self.get_value_from_node(val) for val in self.visit(rhs)]
+            if len(values) == 0:
+                raise TileDBError("At least one value must be provided to "
+                                  "the set membership")
 
             if self.array.schema.has_attr(variable):
                 enum_label = self.array.attr(variable).enum_label
diff --git a/tiledb/tests/test_query_condition.py b/tiledb/tests/test_query_condition.py
index 649da89c7d..9f53202b17 100644
--- a/tiledb/tests/test_query_condition.py
+++ b/tiledb/tests/test_query_condition.py
@@ -550,6 +550,10 @@ def test_in_operator_sparse(self):
             result = A.query(cond="U not in [5, 6, 7]")[:]
             for val in result["U"]:
                 assert val not in [5, 6, 7]
+                
+            with pytest.raises(tiledb.TileDBError) as exc_info:
+                A.query(cond="U not in []")[:]
+            assert "At least one value must be provided to the set membership" in str(exc_info.value)
 
     def test_in_operator_dense(self):
         with tiledb.open(self.create_input_array_UIDSA(sparse=False)) as A:
@@ -581,6 +585,10 @@ def test_in_operator_dense(self):
             result = A.query(cond="U not in [5, 6, 7]")[:]
             for val in self.filter_dense(result["U"], U_mask):
                 assert val not in [5, 6, 7]
+            
+            with pytest.raises(tiledb.TileDBError) as exc_info:
+                A.query(cond="U not in []")[:]
+            assert "At least one value must be provided to the set membership" in str(exc_info.value)
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(not has_pandas(), reason="pandas not installed")
     def test_dense_datetime(self):