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adjekt4.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>use of adjectives</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Dó: The Adjective (an Aidiacht)</span></h1>
<h2>
<span class="red">Usage of adjectives</span></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffcc">
<tr>
<td><a href="#Prädikat">predicative adjectives</a>
<br><a href="#Attribut">attributive adjectives</a>
<br>
<a href="#Adverb">adjectives as an adverb</a>
<br>
<a href="#pron">pronominal adjectives</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Descriptive adjectives can be used <a href="#Prädikat">predicatively</a> (Tá an bhean <i>mór</i> = The woman is <i>big</i>) or <a href="#Attribut">attributively</a> (an bhean <i>mhór</i> = the <i>big</i> woman). Besides that, one can turn them into <a href="adjekt4.htm#Adverb">adverbs</a> (Tá an bhean ag obair <u>go maith</u> = The woman works <i>well</i>)
<h2 id="Prädikat"><i><span class="red">the predicative adjective (an aidiacht fhaisnéiseach)</span></i></h2>
Adjectives used predicatively are <b><i>unchanged</i></b> (as in German), e.g.:
<blockquote>Tá an fear <b>mór</b> - The man is big.
<br>Tá an bhean <b>mór</b> - The woman is big.
<br>
Tá na fir <b>mór</b> - The men are big.
<br>
Tá na mná <b>mór</b> - The women are big.</blockquote>
Adjectives used predicatively are mostly used with the verb <a href="bi.htm">bí</a> (present: tá)[ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a> ], less commonly with the <a href="kopul1.htm">copula</a> (present: is)
<blockquote><b>Tá</b> an fear <b>mór</b> - The man is big.
<br><b>Is</b> <b>mór</b> é an fear - The man is big.</blockquote>
Some <i>subjective </i> adjectives <em>of assessment</em> take the adverbial partigle <b class="red">go </b>when used with the verb bí <br>
(they're kind of seen as "adverbs of the verb bí")
<blockquote>Tá an fear <b>go maith</b> - The man is good.
<br>
Tá an cailín <b>go hálainn</b> - The girl is beautiful.
<br>
Tá an lá <b>go deas</b> - The day is nice.
<br>
Tá an aimsir <b>go dona</b> - The weather is bad.
<br>
Tá an samhradh <b>go haoibhinn</b> - The summer is splendid.
<br>
Tá an rós<b> go breá</b> - The rose is pretty.
<br>
Tá sé <b>go holc</b> - It is evil.
<br>
Tá sí <b>go hiontach</b> - She is wonderful.</blockquote>
<i> Go</i> <u>is omitted</u> in the presence of additional adverbs e.g.:
<blockquote>Bíonn beoir <b>maith</b> <b>i gcónaí</b> - Beer is <i>always</i> good.
<br>
Bhíodh sí <b>riamh álainn</b> - She was <i>always</i> beautiful.
<br>
Tá an lá <b>réasúnta deas.</b> - The day is <i>reasonably</i> nice.
<br>
Bhí an aimsir <b>sách dona</b> inné - The weather was <i>rather</i> bad yesterday.</blockquote>
<i> Go</i> does <u>not</u> appear with the copula
<blockquote><b>Tá</b> an lá <b>go deas</b> - The day is nice.
<br><b>Is deas</b> é an lá - The day is nice.</blockquote>
The <i>attainment</i> of a quality (e.g "becoming good ") is expressed with the verb <b class="red">éirigh</b> (= to rise) (use of <b>go</b> as above)
<blockquote>Tá sé ag <b>éirí mór</b> - He is becoming big.
<br>
<b>Éireoidh </b>mé <b>go maith</b> - I will become good.
<br>
Má <b>éiríonn</b> tú <b>sean</b> - If you become old.
<br>
<b>D'éirigh</b> sí <b>go hálainn</b> as sin amach = She became beautiful since then.</blockquote>
<p>One may also use other verbs in conjunction with predicative adjectives, (e.g. <i>déan = do </i>):
<blockquote><b>Rinne</b> sé an scian <b>géar</b> = He made the knife sharp.
<br>
<b>Rinne</b> sé na sceana <b>géar</b> = He made the knives sharp.
<br>
<font size="-1"><br>
Not the difference to the <i>attributive</i> use! (adj. is then <i>flexible</i>, e.g. lenited after fem. noun: ghéar)
<br>
Rinne sé an scian ghéar = He made the sharp knife.
<br>
Rinne sé na sceana géara = He made the sharp knives.
</font></blockquote>
For inofrmation on the predicative use of the <a href="adjekt2.htm#oben">comparative</a> see there.
<p>Some additional adjectives can only be used predicatively, and not attributively (e.g. <i>féidir = possible, fiú = worth, iomaí = many </i>. These also only appear with the copula, not with bí or other verbs. e.g. <i>Is féidir é sin = that is possible; Is fiú é = it is worth it </i>
<h2 id="Attribut"><i><span class="red">the attributive adjective (an aidiacht aitreabúideach)</span></i></h2>
<p>Attributively used adjectives agree with the noun in case, number and gender.
<br>
Depending on the gender, case, number, they are <a href="adjekt3.htm">declined</a> and, if necessary, <a href="adjekt3.htm#Lenition">lenited</a>.
<br>
They always come <b><i>after</i></b> the noun being modified (as opposed to German or English).
<br>
e.g.:
<blockquote>the <i><u>big</u></i> man = an fear <i><u>mór</u></i>,
<br>
of the
<i><u>big</u></i> man = an fhir <i><u>mhóir</u></i>,
<br>
the
<i><u>big</u></i> woman = an bhean <i><u>mhór</u></i>,
<br>
of the
<i><u>big</u></i> woman = na mná <i><u>móire</u></i>,
<br>
the
<i><u>big</u></i> women = na mná <i><u>móra</u></i>.</blockquote>
<b>exceptions:</b>
<br>
Adjectives are <i>not</i> declined...
<ul>
<li>after feminine personal names:
<br>
<i>mac Bhríd bheag = the son of small Bríd <u>but</u> mac na mná bige = the son of the small woman</i></li>
<li>after adverbs:
<br>
<i>mac na mná réasúnta beag = the son of the reasonably small woman <u>but</u> mac na mná bige = the son of the small woman</i></li>
</ul>
Adjectives<i> not </i> agreeing in number
<ul>
<li>after numbers 2-10 and after beirt: <i>trí bhád mhóra = three big boats</i> (bhád = singular, mhóra = plural!)</li>
</ul>
<i>Preceding</i> the noun, adjectives are only rarely possible
<ul>
<li>in the form of <a href="adjekt5.htm">prefixes</a>:
e.g.: the <u>bad</u> man = an <u>droch</u>fhear</li>
<li>certain <a href="#pron">pronominal adjectives</a>: e.g.: <i>gach fear = every man, gach uile bhean = every woman</i> (see below) </li>
</ul>
<p><b>Order of attributes:</b>
<ul>
<li>after the noun, the closest descriptive adjectives come first: <i>an bhean mhaith = the good woman</i>.</li>
<li>pronominal adjectives follow after that: <i>an bhean mhaith seo eile = this other good woman</i> (or: <i>an bhean mhaith eile seo</i>).</li>
<li>also substantivised genitive attributes come after descriptive adjectives: <i>bean mhaith na scoile = the good woman of the school, scian mhór phoca = big pocketknife</i>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Adverb"><i class="red">adjectives als adverb (aidiachtaí mar dhobhriathar)</i></h2>
One can not only <i>be quick </i>, one can also <i>work quickly </i>; in the latter case <i>quick</i> is no longer an adjective, but an <a href="adverb.htm">adverb,</a> because it modifies a verb and not a noun. In German one does not notice the difference, in Irish it's easy: the particle <b class="red">go</b> appears.
Go requires an <a href="thnd.htm#h">h-prefix</a> preceding a vowel <br>
Other than that, the adverbs don't change very much.
<h4>
<span class="lightgreen">formation:</span></h4>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">go</b> + adjective</td>
<td><b>go</b> maith, <b>go</b> cliste, <b>go</b> sciobtha</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">go</b> + adjective (starting in a vowel)</td>
<td><b>go</b> <b class="lilac">h</b>iontach, <b>go <span class="lilac">h</span></b>ard</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>e.g.:
<br>
Tá mé <b>sciobtha</b> - I am fast. (predicative)
<br>
D'oibrigh mé <b>go sciobtha</b> - I work fast. (adverbial)
<h4><span class="lightgreen">exceptions</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>go is omitted in the case of an additional adverb e.g.: <i>go dona</i> = bad, <i>réasúnta dona</i> = reasonably bad.</li>
<li>go does not appear if a copular clause is used instead of the adverb. e.g.: <i>Is cúramach a rinne sé é = Carefully, he did it </i><br>
(colloquially there is a remnant h-prefix: e.g. instead of <i>Rinne sé go hiontach é > Is (h)iontach a rinne sé é = Amazingly, he did it </i>)</li>
<li>instead of go one uses <b>níos</b> preceding the adverbial comparative form. e.g.: <i>Rinne sé níos cúramaí é = He did it more carefully </i></li>
</ul>
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use:</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>
<b><i>adverbial</i></b> use of an adjective: Bionn Bríd ag obair go cúramach = Bríd usually works <i>carefully</i>.</li>
<li>
<b><i>predicative</i></b> (!) Use of some <i>subjective evaluatory</i> adjectives is done with the verb bí: Tá an teach go dona = the house is <i>bad.</i></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="pron"><i class="red">pronominal adjectives (aidiachtaí forainmneacha)</i></h2>
<p>Pronominal adjectives do not modify a noun, but imply a classification, closer division or (oppositely) a generalisation.
<br>
Principally, the <a href="artikel.htm">article</a> is an example of a pronominal adjective. Also <a href="zahlen.htm">numbers</a>, <a href="possess.htm">possessive pronouns</a>, <a href="sonstig.htm#Dempron">demonstrative pronouns</a> and <a href="sonstig.htm#Fragewörter">interrogatives</a> are used as pronminal adjectives. On the other hand, many pronominal adjectives serve together with general nouns in place of a substantivised pronoun (e.g.: <i>duine éigin = some person > somebody </i>).
<br>
Some adjectives like <i>many, such</i> are replaced by nouns. See also <a href="sonstig.htm#indefinite">indefinite pronouns</a>
<p>Pronominal adjectives are always used attributively. They are not declined and mostly also not lenited (though eclipsis occurs often). Some of these adjectives come <b>before</b> (e.g. <i>gach fear = every man</i>), some <b>after</b> the noun(e.g. <i>fear éigin = any man</i>)
<ul>
<li><b class="red">gach</b> = every. e.g.: <i>gach fear = every man</i>; also:
<br>
<b class="red">gach uile</b> = every. e.g.: <i>gach uile fhear = every man</i> (<b class="red">chuile</b> in Connacht, <b class="red">ach uile</b> in Ulster)
<br><b class="red">gach aon</b> = every. e.g. <i>gach aon fhear = every man</i> (<b class="red">chaon</b> in Connacht, <b class="red">achan</b> in Ulster)</li>
<li><b class="red">uile</b> (requires lenition)(in Ulster, Connacht <b class="red">uilig</b>)
<br>
= all, the whole (precedes noun in the plural, with an article or a possessive pronoun) e.g. <i>na huile dhaoine = all people, all of the people </i>
<br>
= all, every (precedes the noun in the singular, with an article or a possessive pronoun)
e.g. <i>an uile mhaitheas = the whole goodness, d'uile mhaitheas = all your goodness, all of your goodness </i>
<br>
= whole (after noun in the singular) e.g. <i>an scéal uile = the whole story </i>
<br>
= all (after the noun in the plural or the pronoun) e.g. <i>sinn uile = we all </i> </li>
<li><b class="red">éigin</b> = someone. e.g. <i>fear éigin = some man</i> (in Connacht <b class="red">éicint, icínt</b>, in Ulster <b class="red">inteach, ínneach</b>, among others, shared original form is most likely <i>éiginteach</i>)</li>
<li><b class="red">aon, ar bith</b> = some, any (in questions), no, none (in neg. statements) e.g. <i>aon fhear, fear ar bith = any man, no man</i></li>
<li><b class="red">cíbé, pé (ar bith)</b> = whatever, whichever. e.g. <i>cibé duine = whatever person, pé áit = wherever</i></li>
<li><b class="red">eile</b> = other, another. e.g. <i>fear eile = another man, rud eile? = something else?</i></li>
<li><b class="red">céanna</b> = same, very e.g. <i>an fear céanna = the same man</i></li>
<li><b class="red">araile</b> = certain. e.g. <i>lá araile = on a certain day </i></li>
<li><b class="red">áirithe</b> = certain. e.g. <i>lá áirithe = on a certain day </i> (in Connacht, Ulster <b class="red">áithrid</b>)</li>
</ul>
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Prädikat" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="adjekt1.htm">adjectives</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<p><br><br></p>
<p><font size="-1">[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ] : Once it was the rule of thumb that only adverbs could appear with the verb bí, always. (<i>"adverbs with bí, adjectives with is"</i>)
<br>
Today this only is the case for a few adjectives (see above), while the predicative use of adjectives with bí is possible and has become common.</font></p>
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<a href="https://braesicke.de/adjekt4.htm">view original German</a></body>
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