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ag.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="ichselbst">
<title>The preposition ag</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</h1>
<h2 id="ag"><i class="red">ag = at, by </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p>Although written as <b>ag</b>, the preposition is mostly spoken as [eg'] (as if it were written <b>aig</b> or <b>eig</b>)
<br>
(In use in the progressive of verbs it is them pronounced [@] , or [@g] or [@g'] preceding a vowel. After a vowel, it is mostly muted.)
<br>
Except in the progressive, <b class="red">aige</b> is used in Munster instead of <i>ag</i> (there also combinations with the article: <b class="red">aigen</b> = ag an, <b class="red">aigesna</b> = ag na)
<h3 class="lightgreen">Case</h3>
<p>ag requires the dative.
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations:</h3>
<ul>
<li>without article: <b>keine lenition / eclipsis</b> e.g.: <i>ag Seán</i></li>
<li>with the singular article: <b>eclipsis</b> (except d,t) e.g.: <i>ag an bhfear = by the man </i>
<ul type="square">
<li>only in Munster d,t also eclipses </li>
<li>in Connacht, t-prefix precedes feminine nouns with s-: <i>ag an tsúil</i></li>
<li>in Ulster, always <b>lenition</b>: <i>ag an fhear</i></li>
</ul> </li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Interrogative:</h3>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">Cé / cad aige</b> + indirect relative clause
= by whom, at what?</li>
<li><b class="red">Cé acu</b> + direct relative clause
= which, which of...?</li>
<li><b class="red">Cé againn/agaibh/acu</b> + direct relative clause
= who of us/you/them? (also: <b class="red">cé acu againn/agaibh/acu</b>)</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="lightgreen">Combined with the personal pronoun (so-called. prepositional pronoun):</span></h3>
<table border width="50%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>contrast form </b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td class="red bold">agam</td>
<td class="red bold">agamsa</td>
<td>at me </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you</td>
<td class="red bold">agat</td>
<td class="red bold">agatsa</td>
<td>at you </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he</td>
<td class="red bold">aige</td>
<td class="red bold">aigesean</td>
<td>at him </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she</td>
<td class="red bold">aici</td>
<td class="red bold">aicise</td>
<td>at her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>we</td>
<td class="red bold">againn</td>
<td class="red bold">againne</td>
<td>at us </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you(pl)</td>
<td class="red bold">agaibh</td>
<td class="red bold">agaibhse</td>
<td>at you </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>they</td>
<td class="red bold">acu</td>
<td class="red bold">acusan</td>
<td>at them </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Occasionally (Connemara) one finds short forms (<b><span class="red">'am /'amsa</span>, <span class="red">'ad / 'adsa</span>, <span class="red">'ainn / 'ainne</span></b> instead of agam/agamsa, agat/agatsa, againn/againne.
<br>
Because Munster the form <i>aige</i> (ending in a vowel) is used, there also combinations with the possessive pronoun occur (<b class="red">aigena, aigenár</b> = at his, at our, etc.)
<h3 class="lightgreen">Uses:</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>spatial location: <i>by, at </i></b> close proximity: ag an fear = at the man's </li>
<li><b>temporal: <i>at</i></b>: ag a trí a chlog = at 3 O'clock </li>
<li>with the verbal noun: <a href="verbnom1.htm#Verlaufsform">progressive</a>: <i>tá mé ag ithe = I'm eating right now (lit.: "am I at eating ")</i>
<br>
(whereby here <i>ag</i> is more seen as the particle, which has little or nothing to do with the base meaning of the preposition)</li>
<li><a href="modal.htm#haben">have</a>: <span class="red">tá + noun + ag</span>...
<ul type="square">
<li>e.g.: tá teach aige = he has a house <br>
<i>but also extended:</i></li>
<li>languages, qualities <a href="modal.htm#können">can</a> ("have"): <i>tá Gaeilge agam = I speak Irish, tá snámh aige = he can swim </i></li>
<li><a href="modal.htm#dürfen">allowed to </a> ("have permission "): <span class="red">tá cead ag</span></li>
<li><b>love</b> ("to have love "): <span class="red">tá grá ag</span> <i>subject</i> <span class="red">ar</span> <i>object</i>, e.g. <i>tá grá agam uirthi = I love her </i></li>
<li><b>desire</b> ("to have desire in"): <span class="red">tá dúil ag</span> <i>subject</i> <span class="red">i</span> <i>object</i></li>
<li>to be <b>interested</b> ("to have interest"): <span class="red">tá súim ag</span>...("have interest ")</li>
<li><b>have</b> in the sense of a perfect construct with <span class="red">verbal adjectives</span>: <i>tá an bord briste agam = I have broken the table</i> (actually passive: <i>the table has been broken by me </i>, see: agent notation)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>with adjectives: nice <b>of</b>: go deas ag...; easy <b> for </b>, good for, pointless for:..,difficult for...:<i>éasca ag..., maith ag..., trom ag, etc.</i></li>
<li><b>part of </b> (in the <b>partitive dative</b> instead of the more common preposition <a href="de.htm">de</a>): many, some, an amount <b><i>of</i></b> them: <i>go leor acu, roinnt acu, neart acu, neart ag tithe = a bunch of houses </i> (but mostly only the 3 plural pronouns <i>againn, agaibh, acu</i>, with nouns more often <i>de</i> instead of <i>ag</i>)</li>
<li>as a <b>substitute for a possessive pronoun</b>, if a demonstrative pronoun (seo,
sin) appears: <i>an teach <span class="red">sin 'amsa</span> = this my house </i>
<br>
or if with the superlative: <i>mac is sine <span class="red">atá
agam</span> = my oldest son </i></li>
<li><b>denoting the agent</b>: <span class="red">adjective + ag</span>: <i>tinn
ag an ngrian = sick <b>from the </b>sun, tá tinneas cinn orm
aige = I have a headache<b>because of </b> him </i>
<ul type="square">
<li>also noting the agent in <a href="zeitform.htm#Perfekt">perfect</a><b>-/</b><a href="zeitform.htm#Passiv">passive</a> clauses <span class="red">verbaladjective + ag</span>: <i>briste ag Máirtín
= broken by Martin </i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><span class="red">ag seo, ag sin</span> = here is, there is....</li>
<li><span class="red">tá sé ina .... acu</span> = they see him as ....("he is a .... to them ")</li>
<li><span class="red">níl agat ach</span>... = you just have to...</li>
<li>with <b>verbs</b>: <i><span class="red">clois ag</span> = hear from, <span class="red">faigh ag</span> = receive from, <span class="red">fág ag</span> = leave with,</i></li>
<li>in Connacht, Ulster also as a substitute for the preposition <a href="chuig.htm">chuig</a> (fusion due to pronunciation: chuig > ag)</li>
</ol>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#ag" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
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