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le.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>The preposition le</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</h1>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">le = with </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p>In <i>le</i> the old prepositions <b class="red">le</b> and <b class="red">re</b> have fallen together. (in Scottish Gaelic they are still seperate)
<br>
In Munster mostly <b class="red">lé</b> (with a long e)
<h3 class="lightgreen">Case</h3>
<p>le requires the dative.
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations:</h3>
<ul>
<li>without article: <b>no lenition/eclipsis</b>, but the h-prefix precedes a vowel: e.g.:<i>le <b class="lilac">h</b>Aoife = with Aoife</i></li>
<li>with article: <b>eclipsis</b>: <i>leis an mbord = with the table </i>
<ul type="square">
<li>only in Munster also d,t is eclipsed </li>
<li>in Connacht t-prefix preceding femin. nouns with s-: <i>leis an tsúil = with the eye </i></li>
<li>in Ulster always <b>lenition</b>: <i>leis an bhord</i></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">interrogative:</h3>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">cé / cad leis</b> = with whom, to whom belongs the..., with what?</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">combination with article:</h3>
<ul>
<li>le + an: <b class="red">leis an</b></li>
<li>le + na: <b class="red">leis na</b></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">combination with personal pronoun and possessive pronoun:</h3>
<table border width="65%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>personal pron.</b></td>
<td><b>contrast form</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
<td><b>possessive pron.</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td class="red bold">liom</td>
<td class="red bold">liomsa</td>
<td>with me </td>
<td class="red bold">le mo (lem)</td>
<td>with my </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you</td>
<td class="red bold">leat</td>
<td class="red bold">leatsa</td>
<td>with you </td>
<td class="red bold">le do (led)</td>
<td>with your </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he</td>
<td class="red bold">leis</td>
<td class="red bold">leis-sean</td>
<td>with him</td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td>with his </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she</td>
<td class="red bold">léi</td>
<td class="red bold">léise</td>
<td>with her </td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td>with her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>we</td>
<td class="red bold">linn</td>
<td class="red bold">linne</td>
<td>with us </td>
<td class="red bold">lenár</td>
<td>with our </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you(pl.)</td>
<td class="red bold">libh</td>
<td class="red bold">libhse</td>
<td>with you </td>
<td class="red bold">le bhur</td>
<td>with your</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>they</td>
<td class="red bold">leo</td>
<td class="red bold">leosan</td>
<td>with them </td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td>with their </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The 3 "lena" differ according to if lenition ("with his "), eclipsis ("with her " plural), or nothing follows ("with her " singular).
<br>
<b class="red">lem, led</b> appear in Munster.
<h3 class="lightgreen">combination with the indirect relative pronoun a and the indirect relative form of the copula:</h3>
<table border width="51%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>tense</b></td>
<td><b>rel. part.</b>
<br>
<b>le + a/ar</b></td>
<td><b>copular form</b>
<br><b>le + ar</b></td>
<td><b>copular form</b>
<br>
<b>pre vowel </b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>present</td>
<td class="red bold">lena</td>
<td class="red bold">lenar</td>
<td class="red bold">lenarb</td>
<td>with him/her</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preterite</td>
<td class="red bold">lenar</td>
<td class="red bold">lenar</td>
<td class="red bold">lenarbh</td>
<td>with him/her</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>After a combination with the relative pronoun lena eclipsis follows, after lenar, lenition
<br>
These forms are only used if the indirect relative clause begins with a preposition (as in German : die Frau, mit der ich gehe = an bhean lena dtéim) More often, the preposition is at the end (an bhean a dtéim léi)
<h3>
<span class="lightgreen">Uses:</span></h3>
<ol>
<li><b>accompaniment: <i>with</i></b> <i>le Máirtín = with Martin</i></li>
<li><b>aid: <i>with, via </i></b>: <i>le spáid = with the spade </i> , fuair sé bás leis an ocras = he died from the hunger </li>
<li><b>purpose/requirement</b>: (with the verbal noun): <a href="verbnom1.htm#um%20zu">(in order) to </a>: <i>le balla a phéinteáil = in order to paint the wall, neart le n-ól = to drink a lot, scéal le hinsint = to tell a story </i>
<br>
here, the n-prefix precedes a vowel (otherwise no eclipsis)</li>
<li><span class="red">adj + le + verbal noun</span> : <i>maith le hithe = good <b>to</b> eat, blasta le hól = tasty to drink, crua le cogaint = hard to chew </i></li>
<li><b>force of motion : <i>with</i></b>: <i>le gaoth = <b>with</b> the wind, le sruth = with the flow </i></li>
<li><b>point in time : <i>at the start of the </i>...</b>: <i>leis an lá = by daybreak, leis an mí = at the start of the month </i></li>
<li><b>cause phys./psych. state:</b> <i>leis an tuirse = <b>from</b> exhaustion; le hól = <b>through </b>drinking; </i> <i>le greann = <b>out of </b> fun; le gleo = <b>due to </b> the noise </i></li>
<li><b>behaviour <i>to</i> others </b>: e.g. <i>deas le... = nice to..., fearg (ar...) le... = angry at...</i></li>
<li><b>location: <i>close to </i></b>: <i>leis an mballa = against the wall, le tine = close to the fire, <span class="red">cuir le</span> = lay upon </i></li>
<li><b>motion: <i>close to....along</i></b>: <i>éirigh le balla = to climb a wall, tit le haill = to fall off a cliff </i></li>
<li><b>in the direction <i>to, towards </i></b>: <i>luí le grian = lie in the sun, tabhair do chúl leo = turn your back to/on them, tá súil agam le... = I hope...(to hope for something...)</i></li>
<li><b><i>for/against</i></b>: <i>paidir le = pray for, cúis le = cause of, fianaise le = proof of, cuir gadhar le = to sick a dog on someone </i></li>
<li><b>duration: <i>since</i></b>: <i>le seachtain = since/for a week, le fada = since a while </i></li>
<li><b>subjective assessment: <i>"finden"</i></b>: <span class="red">copula + adjective + le + subject</span>: is maith le = <a href="modal.htm#mögen">like</a> , ba mhaith le = <a href="modal.htm#wollen">want, would like </a>, is hionadh le = to wonder , is breá le = love ("to find wonderful "), is fuath le = hate, is fearr le = prefer, is cuma le...(faoi...) = to not care about (something).
<br>
e.g.: is fada liom é = I find it to be long, is dóigh liom go ...= I think that... </li>
<li>practice: is minic liom = I do it often </li>
<li><b>property</b> <a href="modal.htm#besitzen">own / have </a>: <span class="red">copula + le + subject</span>: <i>Is le Cáit an teach = the house belongs to Cait </i>; <i>an teach leis = his house </i>similarly also:
<ul type="square">
<li>ownership of body parts: <i>cois leis = a foot <b>of</b> his </i></li>
<li><b>relationship with </b>: <i>cara liom = a friend <b>of</b> mine </i>, <i>iníon leis = a daughter of his </i></li>
</ul></li>
<li><b>author</b>: e.g. of books : (by... ) e.g.: <i>"Faust" le Goethe</i> but also: <i>triúr clainne leis = 3 children by him (conceived)</i></li>
<li>with <b>directional adverbs : <i>with</i></b>: <i>anuas leat! = down you go </i>, but also with adverbs of motion: <i>d'imigh sí léi = she left </i></li>
<li><a href="modal.htm#können">can</a>: <span class="red">is féidir le</span>....,or : tig le... + VN</li>
<li><span class="darkred">tá subj. le</span>...<span class="red">(ar...)</span>.<b>agree with</b> <b>(on)</b> but <span class="red">tá le subj.</span>: <b>succeed in/with </b></li>
<li><b>comparison: <i>as ... as </i></b>: <span class="red">chomh + Adj. + le</span>: <i>chomh mór leat = as big as you </i>
<br>
similar also (with <i>chomh</i>):
<ul type="square">
<li><b>comparison <i>with</i></b>: <i>i gcomparáid le = in comparison with, inchurtha le = comparable to, obair le triúr fear= the work of(compared with) three men, fás leat = grow <b>like</b> you </i></li>
<li><b><i>as well as </i></b>: <span class="red">tá sé chomh maith ag + S + ... + le + ...</span> <i>tá sé chomh maith agam suí le seasamh = I can sit as well as stand </i></li>
<li><b><i>as much as </i></b>: <i>tá sé chomh cóir agat é a dhéanamh liomsa = you have just as much right to do it as I do </i></li>
</ul></li>
<li>with verbs (reflexive on the subject) <b>to go on </b>: <i>abair leat = keep talking, d'oibrigh mé liom = I kept working </i></li>
<li>with certain <b>verbs</b>: <i>fan le = wait for, (eas)aontigh le = (not)agree with, buail le = meet someone, ag cuidiu le = help someone, déir le = to say about </i></li>
<li><b>communication: <i>with</i></b>: <i>labhair le = speak with </i> but also <i>gáir le = smile at someone, feadáil le = whistle at, éist le = listen to </i></li>
<li><span class="red">is leat + VN</span> = <b>it's your turn to ...</b></li>
<li><b>take/bring</b>: <span class="red">tá ... le</span>: <i>tá sé liom = I'll take/bring it with me </i></li>
<li><b>type of motion </b>: <i>bhí súil géar leis = he had a fast pace </i></li>
<li><b>tendency, trend</b>: tá fána leis = it's falling, tá casadh chun an chladaigh leis = it curves to the coast </li>
<li><b>profession/activity (working <i>with</i>)</b>: dochtuir le leigheas = M.D., doctor of medicine, obair le miotal = metal work, to work with metal</li>
<li><b>to bring </b><b><i>with it </i> </b>: <i>tá costas leis = that would bring costs with it, tá trioblóid leis = that brings trouble </i></li>
<li><b>to begin /end <i>with</i></b></li>
<li><b><span class="red">maidir le</span> = regarding, with respect to, like </b></li>
<li><b><span class="red">in aice le</span> = next to </b> (spatial)</li>
<li><b><span class="red">in éineacht le</span> = beside </b> (together with)</li>
<li><b class="red">leis</b> adverbial use: <b>also</b> (instead of <i>freisin, fosta</i>) predom. in Munster): <i>Bhí mé ann, leis = I was there too.</i></li>
</ol>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/le.htm">view original German</a></body>
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