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# motrap.micro <br><br> **Mo**squito **Tr**ansmitted **P**athogen **Micro**-simulation

Mosquito movement plays an important role in malaria transmission dynamics and vector control. This software was developed to explore the spatial dynamics of mosquito populations on *point sets,* which we call *micro-simulation.*
Mosquito movement plays an important role in malaria transmission dynamics and vector control. This software was developed to explore mosquito dispersal, the spatial dynamics of mosquito populations, and malaria transmission dynamics on *point sets,* which we call *micro-simulation.*
The idea of micro-simulation was described by the late Richard Carter (Carter, 2002)^[Carter R (2002) Spatial simulation of malaria transmission and its control by malaria transmission blocking vaccination. International Journal for Parasitology 32: 1617–1624. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00190-X].

*Behavioral state* models are a natural complement to micro-simulation models. The basic premise is that mosquitoes are not wandering around aimlessly.
Instead, a mosquito is typically *searching* for a resource.
The point sets in these micro-simulation models thus represent the locations of different resources that mosquitoes need.
The first paper to combine *micro-simulation* with *behavioral state modeling* was an agent based model published by Weidong Gu and Robert J Novak (2009 a,^[Gu W, Novak RJ (2009). Agent-based modelling of mosquito foraging behaviour for malaria control, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1105–1112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.01.006] b^[Gu W, Novak RJ (2009). Predicting the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission: the devil is in the detail. Malar J 8:256, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-256]).

*Behavioral state* models are a natural complement to micro-simulation models. The basic premise is that mosquitoes are typically *searching* for a resource, not wandering around aimlessly.
Over their lives, mosquito behaviors are determined by a physiological state that determines their behavior.
The behavioral algorithms have evolved to accomplish a task that increases a mosquito's fitness: mosquitoes search for vertebrate hosts to blood feed; for aquatic habitats to lay eggs; for sugar sources; for mates; and for other resources they need to survive and lay egg.
Behavioral state models for mosquitoes are a kind of compartmental model where mosquitoes are sub-divided by their current physiological state, and changes in behavioral states reflect successful blood feeding, egg laying, sugar feeding, mating, or something else.
These behavioral states are different than states representing infection status and parasite transmission dynamics -- uninfected, infected but not yet infective, and infective --
in the Ross-Macdonald model. By considering *both* the physiological/behavioral state and infection states, it might be possible to understand some local features of malaria transmission as a result of the heterogeneous distribution of resources, an idea pioneered by Arnaud Le Menach, *et al.* (2005)^[Le Menach A, McKenzie FE, Flahault A, Smith DL (2005) The unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: Non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. Malar J. 4: 23, doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-23].

A rigorous mathematical framework to describe mosquito behavioral state micro-simulation was developed by Alex Perkins, *et al.*, (2013)^[Perkins TA, Scott TW, Le Menach A, Smith DL (2013). Heterogeneity, mixing, and the spatial scales of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003327, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003540]. An individual-based model,
A mosquito search for resources ends at a location where the resources can be found.
The point sets in these micro-simulation models thus represent the locations of different resources that mosquitoes need.
The first paper to combine *micro-simulation* with *behavioral state modeling* was an agent based model published by Weidong Gu and Robert J Novak (2009 a,^[Gu W, Novak RJ (2009). Agent-based modelling of mosquito foraging behaviour for malaria control, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 1105–1112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.01.006] b^[Gu W, Novak RJ (2009). Predicting the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission: the devil is in the detail. Malar J 8:256, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-256]).
A rigorous mathematical framework to describe mosquito behavioral state micro-simulation was developed by Alex Perkins, *et al.*, (2013)^[Perkins TA, Scott TW, Le Menach A, Smith DL (2013). Heterogeneity, mixing, and the spatial scales of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003327, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003540]. An individual-based model,
called MBITES (Mosquito Bout-based and Individual-based Transmission Ecology Simulator),
was developed by Sean Wu, *et al.* (2020)^[Wu SL, Sánchez C HM, Henry JM, Citron DT, ... (2020). Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology. PLoS Comput Biol 16:e1007446, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007446]. A systematic review of this literature is badly needed.
was developed by Sean Wu, *et al.* (2020)^[Wu SL, Sánchez C HM, Henry JM, Citron DT, ... (2020). Vector bionomics and vectorial capacity as emergent properties of mosquito behaviors and ecology. PLoS Comput Biol 16:e1007446, doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007446].

A systematic review of this literature is badly needed.

***

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