apa-numeric-superscript-brackets.csl

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<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="in-text" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="never" page-range-format="expanded">
  <info>
    <title>American Psychological Association 7th edition (numeric, brackets)</title>
    <title-short>APA (numeric, superscript, brackets)</title-short>
    <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa-numeric-superscript-brackets</id>
    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa-numeric-superscript-brackets" rel="self"/>
    <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa" rel="template"/>
    <link href="https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples" rel="documentation"/>
    <author>
      <name>Brenton M. Wiernik</name>
      <email>zotero@wiernik.org</email>
    </author>
    <category citation-format="numeric"/>
    <category field="psychology"/>
    <category field="generic-base"/>
    <summary>APA style, with numeric in-text citations in brackets</summary>
    <updated>2022-01-31T14:30:00+00:00</updated>
    <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
  </info>
  <locale xml:lang="en">
    <terms>
      <term name="editortranslator" form="short">
        <single>ed. &amp; trans.</single>
        <multiple>eds. &amp; trans.</multiple>
      </term>
      <term name="translator" form="short">trans.</term>
      <term name="interviewer" form="short">
        <single>interviewer</single>
        <multiple>interviewers</multiple>
      </term>
      <term name="collection-editor" form="short">
        <single>ed.</single>
        <multiple>eds.</multiple>
      </term>
      <term name="circa" form="short">ca.</term>
      <term name="bc"> B.C.E.</term>
      <term name="ad"> C.E.</term>
      <term name="issue" form="long">
        <single>issue</single>
        <multiple>issues</multiple>
      </term>
      <term name="software">computer software</term>
      <term name="at" form="long">before the</term>
      <term name="hearing" form="verb">testimony of</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="da">
    <terms>
      <term name="et-al">et al.</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="de">
    <terms>
      <term name="et-al">et al.</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="es">
    <terms>
      <term name="from">de</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="fr">
    <terms>
      <term name="editor" form="short">
        <single>éd.</single>
        <multiple>éds.</multiple>
      </term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="nb">
    <terms>
      <term name="et-al">et al.</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="nl">
    <terms>
      <term name="et-al">et al.</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <locale xml:lang="nn">
    <terms>
      <term name="et-al">et al.</term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
  <!-- General categories of item types:
       Periodical: article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book
       Periodical or Booklike: paper-conference
       Booklike: article book broadcast chapter classic collection dataset document
                 entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia event figure
                 graphic interview manuscript map motion_picture musical_score pamphlet patent
                 performance periodical personal_communication post report
                 software song speech standard thesis webpage
       Legal: bill hearing legal_case legislation regulation treaty
  -->
  <!-- APA references contain four parts: author, date, title, source -->
  <macro name="author-bib">
    <names variable="composer" delimiter=", ">
      <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
      <substitute>
        <names variable="author"/>
        <names variable="illustrator"/>
        <names variable="director">
          <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
          <label form="long" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
        </names>
        <choose>
          <if variable="container-title">
            <choose>
              <if type="book entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia" match="any">
                <choose>
                  <if variable="title">
                    <group delimiter=" ">
                      <text macro="title"/>
                      <text macro="parenthetical"/>
                    </group>
                  </if>
                  <else>
                    <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
                  </else>
                </choose>
              </if>
            </choose>
          </if>
        </choose>
        <!-- Test for editortranslator and put that first as that becomes available -->
        <names variable="editor" delimiter=", ">
          <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
          <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
        </names>
        <names variable="editorial-director">
          <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
          <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
        </names>
        <names variable="collection-editor">
          <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
          <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
        </names>
        <choose>
          <if variable="title">
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <text macro="title"/>
              <text macro="parenthetical"/>
            </group>
          </if>
          <else>
            <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </substitute>
    </names>
  </macro>
  <macro name="date-bib">
    <!-- TODO: Add new item types -->
    <group delimiter=" " prefix="(" suffix=")">
      <choose>
        <if is-uncertain-date="issued">
          <text term="circa" form="short"/>
        </if>
      </choose>
      <group>
        <choose>
          <if variable="issued">
            <group delimiter=", ">
              <group>
                <date variable="issued" date-parts="year" form="numeric"/>
                <text variable="year-suffix"/>
              </group>
              <choose>
                <if type="article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview motion_picture pamphlet personal_communication post post-weblog song speech webpage" match="any">
                  <!-- Many video and audio examples in manual give full dates. Err on the side of too much information. -->
                  <date variable="issued">
                    <date-part name="month"/>
                    <date-part name="day" prefix=" "/>
                  </date>
                </if>
                <else-if type="paper-conference">
                  <!-- Capture 'speech' stored as 'paper-conference' -->
                  <choose>
                    <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="none">
                      <date variable="issued">
                        <date-part name="month"/>
                        <date-part name="day" prefix=" "/>
                      </date>
                    </if>
                  </choose>
                </else-if>
                <!-- Only year: article article-journal book chapter entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia dataset figure graphic
                     manuscript map musical_score paper-conference[published] patent report review review-book thesis -->
              </choose>
            </group>
          </if>
          <else-if variable="status">
            <group>
              <!-- TODO: Should I print status as-is, or should I print the in-press term? -->
              <text variable="status" text-case="lowercase"/>
              <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
            </group>
          </else-if>
          <else>
            <text term="no date" form="short"/>
            <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </group>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <!-- APA has two description elements following the title:
       title (parenthetical) [bracketed]  -->
  <macro name="title-and-descriptions">
    <choose>
      <if variable="title">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <text macro="title"/>
          <text macro="parenthetical"/>
          <text macro="bracketed"/>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else>
        <choose>
          <if type="bill report" match="any">
            <!-- Bills, resolutions, and congressional reports are not italicized and substitute bill number if no title. -->
            <!-- Can't distinguish congressional reports from other reports, 
                 but giving the genre and number seems fine for other reports too. -->
            <text macro="number"/>
            <text macro="bracketed"/>
            <text macro="parenthetical"/>
          </if>
          <else>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <text macro="bracketed"/>
              <text macro="parenthetical"/>
            </group>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="title">
    <choose>
      <if type="post webpage" match="any">
        <!-- Webpages are always italicized -->
        <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
      </if>
      <else-if variable="container-title" match="any">
        <!-- Other types are italicized based on presence of container-title.
             Assume that review and review-book are published in periodicals/blogs,
             not just on a web page (ex. 69) -->
        <text variable="title"/>
      </else-if>
      <else>
        <choose>
          <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book" match="any">
            <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
          </if>
          <else-if type="paper-conference">
            <choose>
              <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any">
                <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic">
                  <text variable="title"/>
                  <!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available -->
                  <choose>
                    <if is-numeric="volume" match="none">
                      <group delimiter=" ">
                        <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                        <text variable="volume"/>
                      </group>
                    </if>
                  </choose>
                </group>
              </if>
              <else>
                <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
              </else>
            </choose>
          </else-if>
          <else>
            <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic">
              <text variable="title"/>
              <!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available -->
              <choose>
                <if is-numeric="volume" match="none">
                  <group delimiter=" ">
                    <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                    <text variable="volume"/>
                  </group>
                </if>
              </choose>
            </group>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="parenthetical">
    <!-- (Secondary contributors; Database location; Genre no. 123; Report Series 123, Version, Edition, Volume, Page) -->
    <group prefix="(" suffix=")">
      <choose>
        <if type="patent">
          <!-- authority: U.S. ; genre: patent ; number: 123,445 -->
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="authority" form="short"/>
            <choose>
              <if variable="genre">
                <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              </if>
              <else>
                <text term="patent" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              </else>
            </choose>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <label variable="number" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              <text variable="number"/>
            </group>
          </group>
        </if>
        <else-if type="post webpage" match="any">
          <!-- For post webpage, container-title is treated as publisher -->
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
            <text macro="database-location"/>
            <text macro="number"/>
            <text macro="locators-booklike"/>
          </group>
        </else-if>
        <else-if type="report" match="any">
          <choose>
            <if variable="title" match="none">
              <!-- If there is no title, then genre and number are already printed as the title. -->
              <group delimiter="; ">
                <text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
                <text macro="database-location"/>
                <text macro="locators-booklike"/>
              </group>
            </if>
            <!-- If the report is a chapter in a larger report, then most parenthetical information is printed after the container. -->
            <else-if variable="container-title">
              <text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
            </else-if>
            <else>
              <group delimiter="; ">
                <text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
                <text macro="database-location"/>
                <text macro="number"/>
                <text macro="locators-booklike"/>
              </group>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </else-if>
        <else-if variable="container-title">
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
            <choose>
              <if type="broadcast graphic map motion_picture song" match="any">
                <!-- For audiovisual media, number information comes after title, not container-title -->
                <text macro="number"/>
              </if>
            </choose>
          </group>
        </else-if>
        <else>
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
            <text macro="database-location"/>
            <text macro="number"/>
            <text macro="locators-booklike"/>
          </group>
        </else>
      </choose>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="parenthetical-container">
    <choose>
      <if variable="container-title" match="any">
        <group prefix="(" suffix=")">
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <text macro="database-location"/>
            <choose>
              <if type="broadcast graphic map motion_picture song" match="none">
                <!-- For audiovisual media, number information comes after title, not container-title -->
                <text macro="number"/>
              </if>
            </choose>
            <text macro="locators-booklike"/>
          </group>
        </group>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="bracketed">
    <!-- [Descriptive information] -->
    <!-- If there is a number, genre is already printed in macro="number" -->
    <group prefix="[" suffix="]">
      <choose>
        <if variable="reviewed-author reviewed-title" type="review review-book" match="any">
          <!-- Reviewed item -->
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <group delimiter=", ">
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <!-- Assume that genre is entered as 'Review of the book' or similar -->
                <choose>
                  <if variable="number" match="none">
                    <choose>
                      <if variable="genre">
                        <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      </if>
                      <else-if variable="medium">
                        <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      </else-if>
                      <else>
                        <!-- Replace with term="review" as that becomes available -->
                        <text value="Review of"/>
                      </else>
                    </choose>
                  </if>
                  <else>
                    <choose>
                      <if variable="medium">
                        <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      </if>
                      <else>
                        <!-- Replace with term="review" as that becomes available -->
                        <text value="Review of"/>
                      </else>
                    </choose>
                  </else>
                </choose>
                <text macro="reviewed-title"/>
              </group>
              <names variable="reviewed-author">
                <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
                <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
              </names>
            </group>
            <choose>
              <if variable="genre" match="any">
                <choose>
                  <if variable="number" match="none">
                    <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                  </if>
                </choose>
              </if>
            </choose>
          </group>
        </if>
        <else-if type="thesis">
          <!-- Thesis type and institution -->
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <choose>
              <if variable="number" match="none">
                <group delimiter=", ">
                  <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                  <choose>
                    <if variable="archive DOI URL" match="any">
                      <!-- Include the university in brackets if thesis is published -->
                      <text variable="publisher"/>
                    </if>
                  </choose>
                </group>
              </if>
            </choose>
            <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
          </group>
        </else-if>
        <else-if variable="interviewer" type="interview" match="any">
          <!-- Interview information -->
          <choose>
            <if variable="title">
              <text macro="format"/>
            </if>
            <else-if variable="genre">
              <group delimiter="; ">
                <group delimiter=" ">
                  <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                  <group delimiter=" ">
                    <text term="author" form="verb"/>
                    <names variable="interviewer">
                      <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                    </names>
                  </group>
                </group>
              </group>
            </else-if>
            <else-if variable="interviewer">
              <group delimiter="; ">
                <names variable="interviewer">
                  <label form="verb" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                  <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                </names>
                <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              </group>
            </else-if>
            <else>
              <text macro="format"/>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </else-if>
        <else-if type="personal_communication">
          <!-- Letter information -->
          <choose>
            <if variable="recipient">
              <group delimiter="; ">
                <group delimiter=" ">
                  <choose>
                    <if variable="number" match="none">
                      <choose>
                        <if variable="genre">
                          <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                        </if>
                        <else-if variable="medium">
                          <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                        </else-if>
                        <else>
                          <text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                        </else>
                      </choose>
                    </if>
                    <else>
                      <choose>
                        <if variable="medium">
                          <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                        </if>
                        <else>
                          <text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                        </else>
                      </choose>
                    </else>
                  </choose>
                  <names variable="recipient" delimiter=", ">
                    <label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
                    <name and="symbol" delimiter=", "/>
                  </names>
                </group>
                <choose>
                  <if variable="genre" match="any">
                    <choose>
                      <if variable="number" match="none">
                        <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      </if>
                    </choose>
                  </if>
                </choose>
              </group>
            </if>
            <else>
              <text macro="format"/>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </else-if>
        <else-if variable="composer" type="song" match="all">
          <!-- Performer of classical music works -->
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <choose>
              <if variable="number" match="none">
                <group delimiter=" ">
                  <choose>
                    <if variable="genre">
                      <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available -->
                      <names variable="author" prefix="recorded by ">
                        <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                      </names>
                    </if>
                    <else-if variable="medium">
                      <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available -->
                      <names variable="author" prefix="recorded by ">
                        <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                      </names>
                    </else-if>
                    <else>
                      <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available -->
                      <names variable="author" prefix="Recorded by ">
                        <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                      </names>
                    </else>
                  </choose>
                </group>
              </if>
              <else>
                <group delimiter=" ">
                  <choose>
                    <if variable="medium">
                      <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                      <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available -->
                      <names variable="author" prefix="recorded by ">
                        <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                      </names>
                    </if>
                    <else>
                      <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available -->
                      <names variable="author" prefix="Recorded by ">
                        <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                      </names>
                    </else>
                  </choose>
                </group>
              </else>
            </choose>
            <choose>
              <if variable="genre" match="any">
                <choose>
                  <if variable="number" match="none">
                    <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                  </if>
                </choose>
              </if>
            </choose>
          </group>
        </else-if>
        <else-if variable="container-title" match="none">
          <!-- Other description -->
          <text macro="format"/>
        </else-if>
        <else>
          <!-- For conference presentations, chapters in reports, software, place bracketed after the container title -->
          <choose>
            <if type="paper-conference speech" match="any">
              <choose>
                <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="any">
                  <text macro="format"/>
                </if>
              </choose>
            </if>
            <else-if type="report software" match="none">
              <text macro="format"/>
            </else-if>
          </choose>
        </else>
      </choose>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="bracketed-container">
    <group prefix="[" suffix="]">
      <choose>
        <if type="paper-conference speech" match="any">
          <!-- Conference presentations should describe the session [container] in bracketed unless published in a proceedings -->
          <choose>
            <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="none">
              <text macro="format"/>
            </if>
          </choose>
        </if>
        <else-if type="software" match="all">
          <!-- For entries in mobile app reference works, place bracketed after the container-title -->
          <text macro="format"/>
        </else-if>
        <else-if type="report">
          <!-- For chapters in reports, place bracketed after the container title -->
          <text macro="format"/>
        </else-if>
      </choose>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="secondary-contributors">
    <choose>
      <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book" match="any">
        <text macro="secondary-contributors-periodical"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="paper-conference">
        <choose>
          <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any">
            <text macro="secondary-contributors-booklike"/>
          </if>
          <else>
            <text macro="secondary-contributors-periodical"/>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </else-if>
      <else>
        <text macro="secondary-contributors-booklike"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="secondary-contributors-periodical">
    <group delimiter="; ">
      <choose>
        <if variable="title">
          <names variable="interviewer" delimiter="; ">
            <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
            <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
          </names>
        </if>
      </choose>
      <names variable="translator" delimiter="; ">
        <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
        <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
      </names>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="secondary-contributors-booklike">
    <group delimiter="; ">
      <choose>
        <if variable="title">
          <names variable="interviewer">
            <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
            <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
          </names>
        </if>
      </choose>
      <!-- When editortranslator becomes available, add a test: variable="editortranslator" match="none"; then print translator -->
      <choose>
        <if type="post webpage" match="none">
          <!-- Webpages treat container-title like publisher -->
          <choose>
            <if variable="container-title" match="none">
              <group delimiter="; ">
                <names variable="container-author">
                  <label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="title"/>
                  <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                </names>
                <names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; ">
                  <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
                  <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
                </names>
              </group>
            </if>
          </choose>
        </if>
        <else>
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <names variable="container-author">
              <label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="title"/>
              <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
            </names>
            <names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; ">
              <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
              <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
            </names>
          </group>
        </else>
      </choose>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="database-location">
    <choose>
      <if variable="archive-place" match="none">
        <!-- With `archive-place`: physical archives. Without: online archives. -->
        <!-- Add archive_collection as that becomes available -->
        <text variable="archive_location"/>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="number">
    <choose>
      <if variable="number">
        <group delimiter=", ">
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="genre" text-case="title"/>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <label variable="number" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              <text variable="number"/>
            </group>
          </group>
          <choose>
            <if type="thesis">
              <choose>
                <!-- Include the university in brackets if thesis is published -->
                <if variable="archive DOI URL" match="any">
                  <text variable="publisher"/>
                </if>
              </choose>
            </if>
          </choose>
        </group>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="locators-booklike">
    <choose>
      <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview patent post post-weblog review review-book speech webpage" match="any"/>
      <else-if type="paper-conference">
        <choose>
          <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any">
            <group delimiter=", ">
              <text macro="version"/>
              <text macro="edition"/>
              <text macro="volume-booklike"/>
            </group>
          </if>
        </choose>
      </else-if>
      <else>
        <group delimiter=", ">
          <text macro="version"/>
          <text macro="edition"/>
          <text macro="volume-booklike"/>
        </group>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="version">
    <choose>
      <if is-numeric="version">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <label variable="version" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
          <text variable="version"/>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="version"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="edition">
    <choose>
      <if is-numeric="edition">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
          <label variable="edition" form="short"/>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="edition"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="volume-booklike">
    <group delimiter=", ">
      <!-- Report series [ex. 52] -->
      <choose>
        <if type="report">
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="collection-title" text-case="title"/>
            <text variable="collection-number"/>
          </group>
        </if>
      </choose>
      <choose>
        <if variable="volume" match="any">
          <choose>
            <!-- Non-numeric volumes are already printed as part of the book title -->
            <if is-numeric="volume" match="none"/>
            <else>
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                <number variable="volume" form="numeric"/>
              </group>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </if>
        <else>
          <group>
            <label variable="number-of-volumes" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
            <text term="page-range-delimiter" prefix="1"/>
            <number variable="number-of-volumes" form="numeric"/>
          </group>
        </else>
      </choose>
      <group delimiter=" ">
        <label variable="issue" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
        <text variable="issue"/>
      </group>
      <group delimiter=" ">
        <label variable="page" form="short" suffix=" "/>
        <text variable="page"/>
      </group>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="reviewed-title">
    <choose>
      <if variable="reviewed-title">
        <!-- Not possible to distinguish TV series episode from other reviewed
              works [Ex. 69] -->
        <text variable="reviewed-title" font-style="italic"/>
      </if>
      <else>
        <!-- Assume title is title of reviewed work -->
        <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="format">
    <choose>
      <if variable="genre medium" match="any">
        <group delimiter="; ">
          <choose>
            <if variable="number" match="none">
              <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
            </if>
          </choose>
          <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
        </group>
      </if>
      <!-- Generic labels for specific types -->
      <else-if type="dataset">
        <text term="dataset"/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="software">
        <text term="software" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="interview personal_communication" match="any">
        <choose>
          <if variable="archive container-title DOI publisher URL" match="none">
            <text term="personal-communication" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
          </if>
          <else-if type="interview">
            <text term="interview" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
          </else-if>
        </choose>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="map">
        <text term="map" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <!-- APA 'source' element contains four parts:
       container, event, publisher, access -->
  <macro name="container">
    <choose>
      <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book" match="any">
        <!-- Periodical items -->
        <text macro="container-periodical"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="paper-conference">
        <!-- Determine if paper-conference is a periodical or booklike -->
        <choose>
          <if variable="editor editorial-director collection-editor container-author" match="any">
            <text macro="container-booklike"/>
          </if>
          <else>
            <text macro="container-periodical"/>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="post webpage" match="none">
        <!-- post and webpage treat container-title like publisher -->
        <text macro="container-booklike"/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="container-periodical">
    <group delimiter=". ">
      <group delimiter=", ">
        <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
        <choose>
          <if variable="volume">
            <group>
              <text variable="volume" font-style="italic"/>
              <text variable="issue" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
            </group>
          </if>
          <else>
            <text variable="issue" font-style="italic"/>
          </else>
        </choose>
        <choose>
          <if variable="number">
            <!-- Ex. 6: Journal article with article number or eLocator -->
            <!-- This should be localized -->
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <text term="article-locator" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              <text variable="number"/>
            </group>
          </if>
          <else>
            <text variable="page"/>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </group>
      <choose>
        <if variable="issued">
          <choose>
            <if variable="issue page volume" match="none">
              <text variable="status" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
            </if>
          </choose>
        </if>
      </choose>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="container-booklike">
    <choose>
      <if variable="container-title" match="any">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
          <group delimiter=", ">
            <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", &amp; ">
              <!-- Change to editortranslator and move editor to substitute as that becomes available -->
              <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
              <label form="short" text-case="title" prefix=" (" suffix=")"/>
              <substitute>
                <names variable="editorial-director"/>
                <names variable="collection-editor"/>
                <names variable="container-author"/>
              </substitute>
            </names>
            <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic">
              <text variable="container-title"/>
              <!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available -->
              <choose>
                <if is-numeric="volume" match="none">
                  <group delimiter=" ">
                    <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                    <text variable="volume"/>
                  </group>
                </if>
              </choose>
            </group>
          </group>
          <text macro="parenthetical-container"/>
          <text macro="bracketed-container"/>
        </group>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="publisher">
    <group delimiter="; ">
      <choose>
        <if type="thesis">
          <choose>
            <if variable="archive DOI URL" match="none">
              <text variable="publisher"/>
            </if>
          </choose>
        </if>
        <else-if type="post webpage" match="any">
          <!-- For websites, treat container title like publisher -->
          <group delimiter="; ">
            <text variable="container-title" text-case="title"/>
            <text variable="publisher"/>
          </group>
        </else-if>
        <else-if type="paper-conference">
          <!-- For paper-conference, don't print publisher if in a journal-like proceedings -->
          <choose>
            <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any">
              <text variable="publisher"/>
            </if>
          </choose>
        </else-if>
        <else-if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog" match="none">
          <text variable="publisher"/>
        </else-if>
      </choose>
      <group delimiter=", ">
        <choose>
          <if variable="archive-place">
            <!-- With `archive-place`: physical archives. Without: online archives. -->
            <!-- For physical archives, print the location before the archive name.
                For electronic archives, these are printed in macro="description". -->
            <!-- Split "archive_location" into "archive_collection" and "archive_location" as that becomes available -->
            <!-- Must test for archive_collection:
                With collection: archive_collection (archive_location), archive, archive-place
                No collection: archive (archive_location), archive-place
            -->
            <text variable="archive_location"/>
          </if>
        </choose>
        <text variable="archive"/>
        <text variable="archive-place"/>
      </group>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="access">
    <choose>
      <if variable="DOI" match="any">
        <text variable="DOI" prefix="https://doi.org/"/>
      </if>
      <else-if variable="URL">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <choose>
            <if variable="issued status" match="none">
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <text term="retrieved" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                <date variable="accessed" form="text" suffix=","/>
                <text term="from"/>
              </group>
            </if>
          </choose>
          <text variable="URL"/>
        </group>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event">
    <choose>
      <if variable="event event-title" match="any">
        <!-- To prevent Zotero from printing event-place due to its double-mapping of all 'place' to
             both publisher-place and event-place. Remove this 'choose' when that is changed. -->
        <choose>
          <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="none">
            <!-- Don't print event info if published in a proceedings -->
            <group delimiter=", ">
              <text macro="event-title"/>
              <text variable="event-place"/>
            </group>
          </if>
        </choose>
      </if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="event-title">
    <choose>
      <!-- TODO: We expect "event-title" to be used,
           but processors and applications may not be updated yet.
           This macro ensures that either "event" or "event-title" can be accpeted.
           Remove if procesor logic and application adoption can handle this. -->
      <if variable="event-title">
        <text variable="event-title"/>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="event"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <!-- After 'source', APA also prints publication history (original publication, reprint info, retraction info) -->
  <macro name="publication-history">
    <choose>
      <if type="patent" match="none">
        <group prefix="(" suffix=")">
          <choose>
            <if variable="references">
              <!-- This provides the option for more elaborate description
                   of publication history, such as full "reprinted" references
                   (examples 11, 43, 44) or retracted references -->
              <text variable="references"/>
            </if>
            <else>
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <text term="original-work-published" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                <choose>
                  <if is-uncertain-date="original-date">
                    <text term="circa" form="short"/>
                  </if>
                </choose>
                <date variable="original-date">
                  <date-part name="year"/>
                </date>
              </group>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="references" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <!-- Legal citations have their own rules -->
  <macro name="legal-cites">
    <!-- `treaty`: for treaties -->
    <!-- `legal_case`: for all legal and court cases -->
    <!-- `bill`: for bills, resolutions, federal reports -->
    <!-- `hearing`: TODO for hearings and testimony -->
    <!-- `legislation`: for statutes, constitutional items, and charters -->
    <!-- `regulation`: TODO codified regulations, uncodified regulations, executive orders -->
    <group delimiter=" ">
      <choose>
        <if type="treaty">
          <group delimiter=", " suffix=".">
            <!-- APA generally defers to Bluebook for legal citations, but diverges without
                explanation for treaty items. We follow the Bluebook format that was used 
                in APA 6th ed. -->
            <!-- APA manual omits treaty parties/authors, but per Bluebook 
                they should be included at least for bilateral treaties. -->
            <names variable="author">
              <name initialize-with="." form="short" delimiter="-"/>
            </names>
            <text macro="date-legal"/>
            <!-- APA manual omits treaty source/report called for by Bluebook in favor of just URL. 
                Both are included here, following the APA style used for all other item types 
                to end the reference with a period, then give the URL afterward. -->
            <text macro="container-legal"/>
          </group>
        </if>
        <else>
          <group delimiter=" " suffix=".">
            <group delimiter=", ">
              <text macro="title-legal"/>
              <text macro="container-legal"/>
            </group>
            <text macro="date-legal"/>
            <text macro="parenthetical-legal"/>
          </group>
        </else>
      </choose>
      <text variable="references"/>
      <text macro="access"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <macro name="title-legal">
    <choose>
      <if type="bill legal_case legislation regulation treaty" match="any">
        <text variable="title" text-case="title"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="hearing">
        <!-- APA uses a comma delimiter and omits "hearing before the" for hearings with testimony, 
             but follows Bluebook rules (colon delimiter, prefix before the committee name) for
             references to the whole hearing. We simply follow the Bluebook rules for both, but
             use APA style capitalization (not capitalizing "Before" or the title of the hearing). -->
        <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic">
          <text variable="title" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text term="hearing" form="long" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <!-- APA manual omits the bill number, but it should be included per Bluebook if relevant -->
                <text term="on"/>
                <text variable="number"/>
              </group>
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <!-- Use the `at` term to hold "before the" -->
                <text term="at" form="long"/>
                <text variable="section"/>
              </group>
            </group>
          </group>
        </group>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="date-legal">
    <choose>
      <if type="treaty">
        <date variable="issued" form="text"/>
      </if>
      <else-if type="legal_case">
        <group prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=" ">
          <text variable="authority"/>
          <choose>
            <if variable="container-title" match="any">
              <!-- Print only year for cases published in reporters-->
              <date variable="issued" form="numeric" date-parts="year"/>
            </if>
            <else>
              <!-- APA manual doesn't include examples of cases not yet
                   published in a reporter, but this is Bluebook style. -->
              <date variable="issued" form="text"/>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </group>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="bill hearing legislation regulation" match="any">
        <group prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=" ">
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <date variable="original-date">
              <date-part name="year"/>
            </date>
            <text term="and" form="symbol"/>
          </group>
          <choose>
            <if variable="issued">
              <!-- APA manual includes "rev." before the revision year, 
                   but this isn't part of the Bluebook rules. -->
              <date variable="issued">
                <date-part name="year"/>
              </date>
            </if>
            <else>
              <!-- Show proposal date for uncodified regualtions. 
                   Assume date is entered literally ala "proposed May 23, 2016".
                   TODO: Add 'proposed' term here if that becomes available -->
              <date variable="submitted" form="text"/>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </group>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="container-legal">
    <!-- Expect legal item container-titles to be stored in short form -->
    <choose>
      <if type="treaty">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <number variable="volume"/>
          <text variable="container-title"/>
          <choose>
            <if variable="page page-first" match="any">
              <text variable="page-first"/>
            </if>
            <else>
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <label variable="number" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                <text variable="number"/>
              </group>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else-if type="legal_case">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <choose>
            <if variable="container-title">
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <text variable="volume"/>
                <text variable="container-title"/>
                <group delimiter=" ">
                  <label variable="section" form="symbol"/>
                  <text variable="section"/>
                </group>
                <choose>
                  <if variable="page page-first" match="any">
                    <text variable="page-first"/>
                  </if>
                  <else>
                    <text value="___"/>
                  </else>
                </choose>
              </group>
            </if>
            <else>
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <label variable="number" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                <text variable="number"/>
              </group>
            </else>
          </choose>
        </group>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="bill">
        <group delimiter=", ">
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="genre"/>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <choose>
                <!-- TODO: What was the logic for this? Do we still need this? -->
                <!-- If there is no session number or code/record title, print number.
                     Is that trying to capture congressional reports/documents? -->
                <if variable="chapter-number container-title" match="none">
                  <label variable="number" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
                </if>
              </choose>
              <text variable="number"/>
            </group>
          </group>
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="authority"/>
            <!-- 'session' is `chapter-number` -->
            <text variable="chapter-number"/>
          </group>
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="volume"/>
            <text variable="container-title"/>
            <text variable="page-first"/>
          </group>
        </group>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="hearing">
        <group delimiter=" ">
          <text variable="authority"/>
          <!-- 'session' is `chapter-number` -->
          <text variable="chapter-number"/>
        </group>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="legislation">
        <choose>
          <if variable="number">
            <!-- There's a public law number. -->
            <group delimiter=", ">
              <text variable="number" prefix="Pub. L. No. "/>
              <group delimiter=" ">
                <text variable="volume"/>
                <text variable="container-title"/>
                <text variable="page-first"/>
              </group>
            </group>
          </if>
          <else>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <text variable="volume"/>
              <text variable="container-title"/>
              <choose>
                <if variable="section">
                  <group delimiter=" ">
                    <label variable="section" form="symbol"/>
                    <text variable="section"/>
                  </group>
                </if>
                <else>
                  <text variable="page-first"/>
                </else>
              </choose>
            </group>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </else-if>
      <else-if type="regulation">
        <group delimiter=", ">
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="genre"/>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <label variable="number" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
              <text variable="number"/>
            </group>
          </group>
          <group delimiter=" ">
            <text variable="volume"/>
            <text variable="container-title"/>
            <choose>
              <if variable="section">
                <group delimiter=" ">
                  <label variable="section" form="symbol"/>
                  <text variable="section"/>
                </group>
              </if>
              <else>
                <text variable="page-first"/>
              </else>
            </choose>
          </group>
        </group>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="parenthetical-legal">
    <choose>
      <if type="hearing">
        <group prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=" ">
          <!-- Use the 'verb' form of the hearing term to hold 'testimony of' -->
          <text term="hearing" form="verb"/>
          <names variable="author">
            <name and="symbol" delimiter=", "/>
          </names>
        </group>
      </if>
      <else-if type="bill legislation regulation" match="any">
        <!-- For uncodified regulations, assume future code section is in `status`. -->
        <text variable="status" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
      </else-if>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <macro name="citation-locator">
    <group delimiter=" ">
      <choose>
        <if locator="chapter">
          <label variable="locator" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
        </if>
        <else>
          <label variable="locator" form="short"/>
        </else>
      </choose>
      <text variable="locator"/>
    </group>
  </macro>
  <citation collapse="citation-number">
    <sort>
      <key variable="citation-number"/>
    </sort>
    <layout delimiter=", " prefix="[" suffix="]">
      <group>
        <text variable="citation-number"/>
        <text macro="citation-locator" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
      </group>
    </layout>
  </citation>
  <bibliography hanging-indent="true" et-al-min="21" et-al-use-first="19" et-al-use-last="true" entry-spacing="0" line-spacing="2">
    <layout>
      <group delimiter="] ">
        <text variable="citation-number" prefix="["/>
        <choose>
          <if type="bill hearing legal_case legislation regulation treaty" match="any">
            <!-- Legal items have different orders and delimiters -->
            <choose>
              <if variable="DOI URL" match="any">
                <text macro="legal-cites" suffix="]"/>
              </if>
              <else>
                <text macro="legal-cites" suffix="]"/>
              </else>
            </choose>
          </if>
          <else>
            <group delimiter=" ">
              <group delimiter=". " suffix=".">
                <text macro="author-bib"/>
                <text macro="date-bib"/>
                <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/>
                <text macro="container"/>
                <text macro="event"/>
                <text macro="publisher"/>
              </group>
              <text macro="access"/>
              <text macro="publication-history"/>
            </group>
          </else>
        </choose>
      </group>
    </layout>
  </bibliography>
</style>