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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<h1>
Lorenzo Fontolan
</h1>
<p>
Research Scientist <br> Janelia Research Campus, HHMI
</p>
<img src="images/RNN_v2.png" style="width:512px; height:340px; object-fit: cover;">
<p>
<a href="docs/cv_lorenzo_long.pdf" target="_blank">Curriculum Vitae</a>
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<a href="#about">About Me</a>
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<p align="justify">
I am a computational neuroscientist interested in how neural interactions give rise to cognitive phenomena,
how brain circuits change during learning, and how mental disorders disrupt
communication pathways in the brain. Currently, I am a research scientist in the laboratory
of Dr. Sandro Romani at Janelia Research Campus - HHMI.
</p>
<p align="justify">
I enjoy reading literature and comic books, playing team sports, and strumming the guitar.
I love travelling, immersing myself in new cultures, and hiking in the mountains. I believe in economic and social equality, and that
there are no simple answers to the complex questions of this world.
</p>
<!-- Items contained in <b> tags are bolded! -->
<b>Early education and graduate studies:</b>
<p align="justify">
I was born in Milan, Italy, in 1984, and grew up in Rome. During my high school years at Liceo Classico E.Q. Visconti
I was introduced to ancient literature, history of philosophy and the great questions of life.
Being fascinated with the fundamental principles of Nature, I decided to learn about them and ended up earning a Bachelor's and a Master’s degree in physics
at La Sapienza University of Rome.
I particularly enjoyed classes in dynamical systems, condensed matter physics, statistical mechanics, and biophysics.
I became interested in neuroscience and machine learning thanks to
the lectures in artificial neural networks by Prof. Daniel Amit, where I discovered for
the first time that brain circuits can be analyzed and explained with the quantitative
methods of physics and mathematics. I then won a scholarship to study abroad and
worked for a year in the lab of Prof. Stefano Fusi at the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience of Columbia University.
The research I carried out in New York, with the co-supervision of Prof. Enzo Marinari, led to my <a href="docs/tesilorspec.pdf">Master’s thesis work
on the efficient storage capacity of Hopfield models with correlated patterns</a>.
<p/>
<p align="justify">
I did my PhD under the supervision of Prof. Anne-Lise Giraud at University of Geneva
and Prof. Boris Gutkin at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. <a href="docs/thesis_fontolan_HQ_small.pdf">
In my PhD thesis investigated the neural basis
of speech processing</a>, both with computational models and by analyzing neurophysiological data
from human patients.
<p/>
<p align="justify">
During my postdoc, I have been studying the neurobiological mechanisms and
the computational principles of decision-making
during motor planning.
I built computational models of brain circuits and, in collaboration with the laboratory
of Dr. Karel Svoboda, tested the predictions from these models with optogenetic experiments in rodents.
Please check <a href="https://fontolanl.github.io/#research">the Research section</a> for more details.
</p>
<b>Spoken languages:</b>
<p align="justify">
<em>Italian, English, French, Spanish.</em>
</p>
</article>
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<h2 class="major">Research</h2>
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<p align="justify">
My general interest lies in understanding the neural basis and the evolution of intelligent behavior in animals and humans,
hoping that a better understanding of ourselves will lead to a more compassionate and just society.
</p>
<p align="justify">Currently, my work is focused on building computational models of brain circuits in order to understand
the neural basis of cognition. I use dynamical systems, statistical and neural network models
to investigate how populations of neurons generate behavior. In particular, I have been studying the computational principles
behind decision-making, short-term memory and motor preparation. I truly enjoy collaborating with experimental research groups
to develop a common conceptual framework able to explain cognitive phenomena.<br> During my postdoc at Janelia
I primarily worked on two projects:<br>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<b>Project 1. <em>How the brain holds on to short-term memory</em></b><br>
We designed model-driven optogenetic perturbations
in the rodent premotor cortex, which allowed us to discriminate between candidate mechanisms of persistent activity,
the elevated spiking rates observed in single neurons that bridge sensory inputs with subsequent actions.
We were the first to demonstrate that, during short-term memory tasks, cortical activity in rodents is attracted towards a particular
set of spike rate patterns, called discrete attractors, that predict the specific future action.
</p>
<p align="justify">
<ul>
See also:
<li><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0919-7">Hidehiko K Inagaki, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, Sandro Romani, and Karel Svoboda.
<b>Discrete attractor dynamics underlies persistent activity in the frontal cortex.</b></em>
Nature, 566(7743):212--217, 2019.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2019/03/15/how-the-brain-holds-on-to-working-memory/">
<em>How the Brain Holds On to Working Memory</em></a>, by Grace Lindsay, Simons Foundation</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p align="justify">
<b>Project 2. <em>Neural mechanisms underlying the temporal evolution of flexible information flow across the brain</em></b><br>
Sensory information can give rise to different behaviors under distinct circumstances.
To account for this, the brain must dynamically adjust the flow of information between sensory and decision areas.
In the context of decision-making, we considered whether and how decisions can be vulnerable to
distracting sensory inputs before they are enacted.
Our results indicated that decisions are, at first, vulnerable to interferences,
but become more resistant close to the time when decisions must be enacted.
To identify the neural mechanisms behind this temporally-evolving gating of sensory information,
I trained recurrent artificial neural networks (RNNs)
to reproduce the activity of neurons recorded from
the premotor cortex during a binary decision-making task in which decisions were challenged by distracting sensory information.
By reverse-engineering the networks, I discovered that decision-related activity patterns
in the RNN converged to a pair of stable spike rate patterns – i.e. two stable
<em>fixed-points</em> or <em>discrete attractors</em>, one for each decision.
Predictions from the RNN model were verified in the experimental data,
indicating that attractor dynamics govern how information flows from the sensory to the motor cortex.
Furthermore, to correctly reproduce the data, the recurrent network required
the presence of an external input signalling the passage of time within the trial.<br>
These findings led me to challenge a long-standing hypothesis
on the role of slow neural timescales observed during decision-making tasks.
As we verified experimentally, these slow dynamics reflect
the predicted duration of a trial instead of indicating the formation of a decision.
Our results provide outlines of a general mechanism underlying flexible routing of information across the brain.
<p align="justify">
<ul>
See also:
<li><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-021-00840-6">Arseny Finkelstein*, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan*</b>,
Michael N Economo, Nuo Li, Sandro Romani, and Karel Svoboda; *equal contribution.
<b>Attractor dynamics gate cortical information flow during
decision-making.</b></em>
Nature Neuroscience, 24(6):843--850, 2021.</a></li>
<li>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00833-5"><em>Closing the gate to distractors during decision-making.</em> Chong, E., Akrami, A. Nat Neurosci 24, 763–764 (2021).</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.janelia.org/news/resisting-distractions-during-decision-making-takes-commitment-from-the-prefrontal-cortex"> <em>Resisting distractions during decision-making
takes commitment from the prefrontal cortex</em></a>, Janelia News</li>
</ul>
</p>
</p>
<p align="justify">
I presented my work at several conferences in the Neuroscience field (Sfn annual meetings, Cosyne, HHMI meetings).
For a complete list of posters and conference talks please see my <a href="docs/cv_lorenzo_long.pdf">academic CV</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em><b>Past and current collaborators:</b></em>
<br>
<a href="https://theachelab.org/2020/10/25/dr-jan-m-ache/">Jan Ache</a>, University of Wurzburg, Germany<br>
<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JTeOzIdCEUsC&hl=en">Arseny Finkelstein</a>, University of Tel Aviv, Israel<br>
<a href="https://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/cctb/research/supramolecular-and-cellular-simulations/people/fischer-sabine-prof-dr/">Sabine Fischer</a>, University of Wurzburg, Germany<br>
<a href="https://ctn.zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/people/stefano-fusi">Stefano Fusi</a>, Columbia University of NY<br>
<a href="https://neurocenter-unige.ch/research-groups/anne-lise-giraud/">Anne-Lise Giraud</a>, University of Geneva, Switzerland<br>
<a href="https://lnc2.dec.ens.fr/en/member/636/boris-gutkin">Boris Gutkin</a>, ENS Paris, France<br>
<a href="https://barccsyn.org/groups/hyafil-lab">Alexandre Hyafil</a>, Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Barcelona, Spain<br>
<a href="https://mpfi.org/science/our-labs/inagaki-lab/">Hidehiko Inagaki</a>, Max Planck Florida, USA<br>
<a href="https://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Maciej.Krupa/">Maciej Krupa</a>, INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France<br>
<a href="https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/sandro-romani">Sandro Romani</a>, Janelia Research Campus, USA<br>
<a href="https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/brain-science/about/team/staff-profiles/karel-svoboda1/">Karel Svoboda</a>, Allen Institute & Janelia Research Campus, USA<br>
</p>
</article>
<!-- Here is the "Community" card. -->
<article id="publications">
<h2 class="major">Publications</h2>
<!-- <span class="image main">
<img src="images/pic03.jpg" alt=""/>
</span> -->
<ul class="icons">
<li>
<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=01jqJYoAAAAJ&hl=en" class="ai ai-google-scholar">
<span class="label">GoogleScholar</span>
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<span class="label">Orcid</span>
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</ul>
<table>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="inagaki2021neural">1</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
Hidehiko Inagaki, Susu Chen, Kayvon Daie, Arseny Finkelstein, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, Sandro Romani,
and Karel Svoboda.
Neural algorithms and circuits for motor planning.
<em>Annual Review of Neuroscience</em>, (in press).
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="finkelstein2021attractor">2</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
Arseny Finkelstein*, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan*</b>, Michael N Economo, Nuo Li, Sandro Romani,
and Karel Svoboda; *equal contribution.
Attractor dynamics gate cortical information flow during
decision-making.
<em>Nature Neuroscience</em>, 24(6):843--850, 2021.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="inagaki2019discrete">3</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
Hidehiko K Inagaki, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, Sandro Romani, and Karel Svoboda.
Discrete attractor dynamics underlies persistent activity in the
frontal cortex.
<em>Nature</em>, 566(7743):212--217, 2019.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="pefkou2017theta">4</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
Maria Pefkou, Luc H Arnal, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, and Anne-Lise Giraud.
θ-band and β-band neural activity reflects independent
syllable tracking and comprehension of time-compressed speech.
<em>Journal of Neuroscience</em>, 37(33):7930--7938, 2017.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="hyafil2015neural">5</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
Alexandre Hyafil, Anne-Lise Giraud, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, and Boris Gutkin.
Neural cross-frequency coupling: connecting architectures,
mechanisms, and functions.
<em>Trends in neurosciences</em>, 38(11):725--740, 2015.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="hyafil2015speech">6</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
Alexandre Hyafil, <b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, Claire Kabdebon, Boris Gutkin, and
Anne-Lise Giraud.
Speech encoding by coupled cortical theta and gamma oscillations.
<em>Elife</em>, 4:e06213, 2015.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="fontolan2014contribution">7</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
<b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, Benjamin Morillon, C Liegeois-Chauvel, and Anne-Lise Giraud.
The contribution of frequency-specific activity to hierarchical
information processing in the human auditory cortex.
<em>Nature communications</em>, 5(1):1--10, 2014.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="right" class="bibtexnumber">
[<a name="fontolan2013analytical">8</a>]
</td>
<td class="bibtexitem">
<b>Lorenzo Fontolan</b>, Maciej Krupa, Alexandre Hyafil, and Boris Gutkin.
Analytical insights on theta-gamma coupled neural oscillators.
<em>The Journal of Mathematical Neuroscience</em>, 3(1):1--20, 2013.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</article>
<!-- Here is the "Community" card. -->
<article id="community">
<h3 class="major">Teaching, mentoring & outreach</h3>
<!-- <span class="image main">
<img src="images/pic03.jpg" alt=""/>
</span> -->
<table>
<!-- <thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
</thead> -->
<tbody>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2021</td>
<td>Mentor @Neuromatch academy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2020</td>
<td>Content-reviewer @Neuromatch academy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2019</td>
<td>Organizer and lecturer, Mathematical Methods for Neuroscience and Machine Learning @Janelia Research Campus</td>
</tr>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2019</td>
<td>Speaker, @ConTaMiNEURO Summer School in Computational and Theoretical Models in Neuroscience in Venice, Italy </td>
</tr>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2018</td>
<td>Invited Lecturer, General Philosophy course @Catholic University of America</td>
</tr>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2017-2019</td>
<td>Lecturer, Introduction to Computational Neuroscience Undergraduate Seminar (Janelia Research Campus)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="active-row">
<td>2015</td>
<td>Mentor and Thesis Supervisor, “Isomorphism of Hopfield nets and Ising model”,
B. Sc. in Physics @La Sapienza University of Rome</td>
</tr>
<!-- and so on... -->
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<b>Reviewed for:</b>
<br>
Nat. Neurosci., Neuron, PNAS, Phys. Rev. X, Plos Comp. Biol., Cortex, Commun. Biol.,
Comput. Biol. Med., Lang., Cogn. Neurosci., Neurons behav. data anal. theory.
</p>
</article>
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<h2 class="major">Contact</h2>
<p>
<b><i>Email:</i></b>
<br>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]" class="icon fa-envelope">
<span class="label">Email</span>
</a>
fontolanl[at]janelia.hhmi.org
</p>
<p>
<b><i>Address:</i></b>
<br>
Janelia Research Campus
<br>
19700 Helix Dr
<br>
Ashburn VA 20147
</p>
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