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kubeadm

For information on deploying flannel manually, using the Kubernetes installer toolkit kubeadm, see Installing Kubernetes on Linux with kubeadm.

NOTE: If kubeadm is used, then pass --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 to kubeadm init to ensure that the podCIDR is set.

kube-flannel.yaml

The flannel manifest defines five things:

  1. A kube-flannel with PodSecurity level set to privileged.
  2. A ClusterRole and ClusterRoleBinding for Role Based Acccess Control (RBAC).
  3. A service account for flannel to use.
  4. A ConfigMap containing both a CNI configuration and a flannel configuration. The network in the flannel configuration should match the pod network CIDR. The choice of backend is also made here and defaults to VXLAN.
  5. A DaemonSet for every architecture to deploy the flannel pod on each Node. The pod has two containers 1) the flannel daemon itself, and 2) an initContainer for deploying the CNI configuration to a location that the kubelet can read.

When you run pods, they will be allocated IP addresses from the pod network CIDR. No matter which node those pods end up on, they will be able to communicate with each other.

Notes on securing flannel deployment

As of Kubernetes v1.21, the PodSecurityPolicy API was deprecated and it will be removed in v1.25. Thus, the flannel manifest does not use PodSecurityPolicy anymore.

If you wish to use the Pod Security Admission Controller which was introduced to replace PodSecurityPolicy, you will need to deploy flannel in a namespace which allows the deployment of pods with privileged level. The baseline level is insufficient to deploy flannel and you will see the following error message:

Error creating: non-default capabilities (container "kube-flannel" must not include "NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW" in securityContext.capabilities.add), host namespaces (hostNetwork=true), hostPath volumes (volumes "run", "cni-plugin", "cni", "xtables-lock")

The kube-flannel.yaml manifest deploys flannel in the kube-flannel namespace and enables the privileged level for this namespace. Thus, you will need to restrict access to this namespace if you wish to secure your cluster.

If you want to deploy flannel securely in a shared namespace or want more fine-grained control over the pods deployed in your cluster, you can use a 3rd-party admission controller like Kubewarden. Kubewarden provides policies that can replace features of PodSecurityPolicy like capabilities-psp-policy and hostpaths-psp-policy.

Other options include Kyverno and OPA Gatekeeper.

Annotations

  • flannel.alpha.coreos.com/public-ip-overwrite: Allows to overwrite the public IP of a node. Useful if the public IP can not determined from the node, e.G. because it is behind a NAT. It can be automatically set to a nodes ExternalIP using the flannel-node-annotator

Older versions of Kubernetes

kube-flannel.yaml has some features that aren't compatible with older versions of Kubernetes, though flanneld itself should work with any version of Kubernetes.

For Kubernetes v1.6~v1.15

If you see errors saying found invalid field... when you try to apply kube-flannel.yaml then you can try the "legacy" manifest file

  • kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/k8s-old-manifests/kube-flannel-legacy.yml

This file does not bundle RBAC permissions. If you need those, run

  • kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/k8s-old-manifests/kube-flannel-rbac.yml

If you didn't apply the kube-flannel-rbac.yml manifest and you need to, you'll see errors in your flanneld logs about failing to connect.

  • Failed to create SubnetManager: error retrieving pod spec...

For Kubernetes v1.16

kube-flannel.yaml uses ClusterRole & ClusterRoleBinding of rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1. When you use Kubernetes v1.16, you should replace rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 to rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 because rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 had become GA from Kubernetes v1.17.

For Kubernetes <= v1.24

As of Kubernetes v1.21, the PodSecurityPolicy API was deprecated and it will be removed in v1.25. Thus, the flannel manifest does not use PodSecurityPolicy anymore.

If you still wish to use it, you can use kube-flannel-psp.yaml instead of kube-flannel.yaml. Please note that if you use a Kubernetes version >= 1.21, you will see a deprecation warning for the PodSecurityPolicy API.

Troubleshooting

See troubleshooting