diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/AbstractAcOuterLoopConfig.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/AbstractAcOuterLoopConfig.java
index a5fd28de62..27e733e578 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/AbstractAcOuterLoopConfig.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/AbstractAcOuterLoopConfig.java
@@ -112,6 +112,13 @@ protected static Optional<AcOuterLoop> createPhaseControlOuterLoop(LoadFlowParam
         return createPhaseControlOuterLoop(parameters, parametersExt.getPhaseShifterControlMode());
     }
 
+    protected static Optional<AcOuterLoop> createAcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop(LoadFlowParameters parameters) {
+        if (parameters.isHvdcAcEmulation()) {
+            return Optional.of(new AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop());
+        }
+        return Optional.empty();
+    }
+
     protected static Optional<AcOuterLoop> createAutomationSystemOuterLoop(OpenLoadFlowParameters parametersExt) {
         if (parametersExt.isSimulateAutomationSystems()) {
             return Optional.of(new AutomationSystemOuterLoop());
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/DefaultAcOuterLoopConfig.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/DefaultAcOuterLoopConfig.java
index d100fe82ec..7d2b853f31 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/DefaultAcOuterLoopConfig.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/DefaultAcOuterLoopConfig.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ public List<AcOuterLoop> configure(LoadFlowParameters parameters, OpenLoadFlowPa
         List<AcOuterLoop> outerLoops = new ArrayList<>(5);
         // primary frequency control
         createDistributedSlackOuterLoop(parameters, parametersExt).ifPresent(outerLoops::add);
+        // AC emulation
+        createAcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop(parameters).ifPresent(outerLoops::add);
         // secondary voltage control
         createSecondaryVoltageControlOuterLoop(parametersExt).ifPresent(outerLoops::add);
         // primary voltage control
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ExplicitAcOuterLoopConfig.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ExplicitAcOuterLoopConfig.java
index a770c2c2c6..031175ccce 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ExplicitAcOuterLoopConfig.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ExplicitAcOuterLoopConfig.java
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ public class ExplicitAcOuterLoopConfig extends AbstractAcOuterLoopConfig {
                                                      SimpleTransformerVoltageControlOuterLoop.NAME,
                                                      TransformerVoltageControlOuterLoop.NAME,
                                                      AutomationSystemOuterLoop.NAME,
-                                                     IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoop.NAME);
+                                                     IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoop.NAME,
+                                                     AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.NAME);
 
     private static Optional<AcOuterLoop> createOuterLoop(String name, LoadFlowParameters parameters, OpenLoadFlowParameters parametersExt) {
         return switch (name) {
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ private static Optional<AcOuterLoop> createOuterLoop(String name, LoadFlowParame
                                                                                                      parametersExt.getGeneratorVoltageControlMinNominalVoltage());
             case AutomationSystemOuterLoop.NAME -> createAutomationSystemOuterLoop(parametersExt);
             case IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoop.NAME -> createTransformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoop(parametersExt);
+            case AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.NAME -> createAcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop(parameters);
             default -> throw new PowsyblException("Unknown outer loop '" + name + "'");
         };
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationFlowEquationTerm.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationFlowEquationTerm.java
index 466e293869..c680ffaad1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationFlowEquationTerm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationFlowEquationTerm.java
@@ -43,29 +43,18 @@ protected AbstractHvdcAcEmulationFlowEquationTerm(LfHvdc hvdc, LfBus bus1, LfBus
         ph1Var = variableSet.getVariable(bus1.getNum(), AcVariableType.BUS_PHI);
         ph2Var = variableSet.getVariable(bus2.getNum(), AcVariableType.BUS_PHI);
         variables = List.of(ph1Var, ph2Var);
-        k = hvdc.getDroop() * 180 / Math.PI;
-        p0 = hvdc.getP0();
+        k = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getDroop() * 180 / Math.PI;
+        p0 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getP0();
         lossFactor1 = hvdc.getConverterStation1().getLossFactor() / 100;
         lossFactor2 = hvdc.getConverterStation2().getLossFactor() / 100;
-        pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = hvdc.getPMaxFromCS1toCS2();
-        pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = hvdc.getPMaxFromCS2toCS1();
+        pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getPMaxFromCS1toCS2();
+        pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getPMaxFromCS2toCS1();
     }
 
     protected double rawP(double p0, double k, double ph1, double ph2) {
         return p0 + k * (ph1 - ph2);
     }
 
-    protected double boundedP(double rawP) {
-        // If there is a maximal active power
-        // it is applied at the entry of the controller VSC station
-        // on the AC side of the network.
-        if (rawP >= 0) {
-            return Math.min(rawP, pMaxFromCS1toCS2);
-        } else {
-            return Math.max(rawP, -pMaxFromCS2toCS1);
-        }
-    }
-
     protected double ph1() {
         return sv.get(ph1Var.getRow());
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java
index 0b58fc63e0..6b6399766d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.equations;
 
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.Variable;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.VariableSet;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfBus;
@@ -23,31 +24,29 @@ public HvdcAcEmulationSide1ActiveFlowEquationTerm(LfHvdc hvdc, LfBus bus1, LfBus
         super(hvdc, bus1, bus2, variableSet);
     }
 
-    private double p1(double ph1, double ph2) {
-        double rawP = rawP(p0, k, ph1, ph2);
-        double boundedP = boundedP(rawP);
-        return (isController(rawP) ? 1 : getVscLossMultiplier()) * boundedP;
-    }
-
-    private static boolean isController(double rawP) {
-        return rawP >= 0;
+    private double getSide1LossMultiplier() {
+        return element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE ? 1 : getVscLossMultiplier();
     }
 
-    private boolean isInOperatingRange(double rawP) {
-        return rawP < pMaxFromCS1toCS2 && rawP > -pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+    private double p1(double ph1, double ph2) {
+        double boundedP = switch (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus()) {
+            case FREE -> rawP(p0, k, ph1, ph2);
+            case BOUNDED -> element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE ? pMaxFromCS1toCS2 : -pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+            default -> 0;
+        };
+        return getSide1LossMultiplier() * boundedP;
     }
 
-    protected double dp1dph1(double ph1, double ph2) {
-        double rawP = rawP(p0, k, ph1, ph2);
-        if (isInOperatingRange(rawP)) {
-            return (isController(rawP) ? 1 : getVscLossMultiplier()) * k;
+    protected double dp1dph1() {
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE) {
+            return getSide1LossMultiplier() * k;
         } else {
             return 0;
         }
     }
 
-    protected double dp1dph2(double ph1, double ph2) {
-        return -dp1dph1(ph1, ph2);
+    protected double dp1dph2() {
+        return -dp1dph1();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -59,9 +58,9 @@ public double eval() {
     public double der(Variable<AcVariableType> variable) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(variable);
         if (variable.equals(ph1Var)) {
-            return dp1dph1(ph1(), ph2());
+            return dp1dph1();
         } else if (variable.equals(ph2Var)) {
-            return dp1dph2(ph1(), ph2());
+            return dp1dph2();
         } else {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown variable: " + variable);
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java
index 501f7eca1d..f596c939f1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2ActiveFlowEquationTerm.java
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.equations;
 
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.Variable;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.VariableSet;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfBus;
@@ -23,31 +24,29 @@ public HvdcAcEmulationSide2ActiveFlowEquationTerm(LfHvdc hvdc, LfBus bus1, LfBus
         super(hvdc, bus1, bus2, variableSet);
     }
 
-    private double p2(double ph1, double ph2) {
-        double rawP = rawP(p0, k, ph1, ph2);
-        double boundedP = boundedP(rawP);
-        return -(isController(rawP) ? 1 : getVscLossMultiplier()) * boundedP;
-    }
-
-    private boolean isController(double rawP) {
-        return rawP < 0;
+    private double getSide2LossMultiplier() {
+        return element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.TWO ? 1 : getVscLossMultiplier();
     }
 
-    private boolean isInOperatingRange(double rawP) {
-        return rawP < pMaxFromCS2toCS1 && rawP > -pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+    private double p2(double ph1, double ph2) {
+        double boundedP = switch (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus()) {
+            case FREE -> -rawP(p0, k, ph1, ph2);
+            case BOUNDED -> element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.TWO ? pMaxFromCS2toCS1 : -pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+            default -> 0;
+        };
+        return getSide2LossMultiplier() * boundedP;
     }
 
-    private double dp2dph1(double ph1, double ph2) {
-        double rawP = rawP(p0, k, ph1, ph2);
-        if (isInOperatingRange(rawP)) {
-            return -(isController(rawP) ? 1 : getVscLossMultiplier()) * k;
+    private double dp2dph1() {
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE) {
+            return -getSide2LossMultiplier() * k;
         } else {
             return 0;
         }
     }
 
-    private double dp2dph2(double ph1, double ph2) {
-        return -dp2dph1(ph1, ph2);
+    private double dp2dph2() {
+        return -dp2dph1();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -59,9 +58,9 @@ public double eval() {
     public double der(Variable<AcVariableType> variable) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(variable);
         if (variable.equals(ph1Var)) {
-            return dp2dph1(ph1(), ph2());
+            return dp2dph1();
         } else if (variable.equals(ph2Var)) {
-            return dp2dph2(ph1(), ph2());
+            return dp2dph2();
         } else {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown variable: " + variable);
         }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/outerloop/AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/outerloop/AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..834d463a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/outerloop/AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, Coreso SA (https://www.coreso.eu/) and TSCNET Services GmbH (https://www.tscnet.eu/)
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ */
+package com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.outerloop;
+
+import com.powsybl.commons.report.ReportNode;
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.AcLoadFlowContext;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.AcLoadFlowParameters;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.AcOuterLoopContext;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.equations.AcEquationType;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.equations.AcVariableType;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop.AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop.OuterLoopResult;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop.OuterLoopStatus;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfHvdc;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author Hadrien Godard {@literal <hadrien.godard at artelys.com>}
+ */
+public class AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop
+        extends AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop<AcVariableType, AcEquationType, AcLoadFlowParameters, AcLoadFlowContext, AcOuterLoopContext>
+        implements AcOuterLoop {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.class);
+    public static final String NAME = "AcHvdcAcEmulation";
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return NAME;
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkFeedingSide(LfHvdc hvdc, ContextData contextData) {
+        String hvdcId = hvdc.getId();
+        LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl acEmulationControl = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl();
+
+        if (acEmulationControl.getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE) {
+            if (hvdc.getP1().eval() < 0) {
+                // Switch feeding side
+                LOGGER.trace("Switching feeding side from One to Two for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                contextData.incrementFeedingSideSwitchCount(hvdcId);
+                hvdc.updateFeedingSide(TwoSides.TWO);
+                if (contextData.getFeedingSideSwitchCount(hvdcId) == MAX_FEEDING_SIDE_SWITCH) {
+                    LOGGER.debug("Two many feeding side switches (flow blocked to 0 MW) for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.NULL);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (hvdc.getP2().eval() < 0) {
+                // Switch feeding side
+                LOGGER.trace("Switching feeding side from Two to One for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                contextData.incrementFeedingSideSwitchCount(hvdcId);
+                hvdc.updateFeedingSide(TwoSides.ONE);
+                if (contextData.getFeedingSideSwitchCount(hvdcId) == MAX_FEEDING_SIDE_SWITCH) {
+                    LOGGER.debug("Two many feeding side switches (flow blocked to 0 MW) for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.NULL);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkMode(LfHvdc hvdc, ContextData contextData) {
+        String hvdcId = hvdc.getId();
+        LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl acEmulationControl = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl();
+
+        // Check for mode switch between FREE and BOUNDED
+        if (acEmulationControl.getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE) {
+            // Check Pmax
+            if (acEmulationControl.getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE) {
+                if (hvdc.getP1().eval() > acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS1toCS2()) {
+                    // Switch mode
+                    LOGGER.trace("Bound Hvdc flow to Pmax from CS1 to CS2 for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    contextData.incrementModeSwitchCount(hvdcId);
+                    hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED);
+                    if (contextData.getModeSwitchCount(hvdcId) == MAX_MODE_SWITCH) {
+                        LOGGER.debug("Two many mode switches (flow blocked to Pmax from CS1 to CS2) for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (hvdc.getP2().eval() > acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS2toCS1()) {
+                    // Switch mode
+                    LOGGER.trace("Bound Hvdc flow to Pmax from CS2 to CS1 for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    contextData.incrementModeSwitchCount(hvdcId);
+                    hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED);
+                    if (contextData.getModeSwitchCount(hvdcId) == MAX_MODE_SWITCH) {
+                        LOGGER.debug("Two many mode switches (flow blocked to Pmax from CS2 to CS1) for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for mode switch between BOUNDED and FREE
+        if (acEmulationControl.getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED) {
+            if (acEmulationControl.getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE) {
+                if (computeRawP1(hvdc) < acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS1toCS2()) {
+                    // Switch mode
+                    LOGGER.trace("Set free the Ac Emulation mode for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (computeRawP2(hvdc) < acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS2toCS1()) {
+                    // Switch mode
+                    LOGGER.trace("Set free the Ac Emulation mode for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                    hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public OuterLoopResult check(AcOuterLoopContext context, ReportNode reportNode) {
+        OuterLoopStatus status = OuterLoopStatus.STABLE;
+        ContextData contextData = (ContextData) context.getData();
+
+        for (LfHvdc hvdc : context.getNetwork().getHvdcs()) {
+            if (!hvdc.isAcEmulation() || hvdc.getBus1().isDisabled() || hvdc.getBus2().isDisabled() || hvdc.isDisabled()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String hvdcId = hvdc.getId();
+            if (contextData.getFeedingSideSwitchCount(hvdcId) < MAX_FEEDING_SIDE_SWITCH && contextData.getModeSwitchCount(hvdcId) < MAX_MODE_SWITCH) {
+                // First check the feeding side
+                if (checkFeedingSide(hvdc, contextData)) {
+                    status = OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE;
+                }
+
+                // Second check for Pmax values
+                if (checkMode(hvdc, contextData)) {
+                    status = OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new OuterLoopResult(this, status);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db3bb7458c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, Coreso SA (https://www.coreso.eu/) and TSCNET Services GmbH (https://www.tscnet.eu/)
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ */
+package com.powsybl.openloadflow.dc;
+
+import com.powsybl.commons.report.ReportNode;
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.dc.equations.DcEquationType;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.dc.equations.DcVariableType;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop.AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop.OuterLoopResult;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop.OuterLoopStatus;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfHvdc;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author Hadrien Godard {@literal <hadrien.godard at artelys.com>}
+ */
+public class DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop extends AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop<DcVariableType, DcEquationType, DcLoadFlowParameters, DcLoadFlowContext, DcOuterLoopContext> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.class);
+    public static final String NAME = "DcHvdcAcEmulation";
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return NAME;
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkMode(LfHvdc hvdc, ContextData contextData) {
+        String hvdcId = hvdc.getId();
+        LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl acEmulationControl = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl();
+
+        // Check for mode switch between FREE and BOUNDED
+        if (acEmulationControl.getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE) {
+            // Check Pmax
+            if (hvdc.getP1().eval() > acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS1toCS2()) {
+                hvdc.updateFeedingSide(TwoSides.ONE);
+                // Switch mode
+                LOGGER.trace("Bound Hvdc flow to Pmax from CS1 to CS2 for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                contextData.incrementModeSwitchCount(hvdcId);
+                hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED);
+                if (contextData.getModeSwitchCount(hvdcId) == MAX_MODE_SWITCH) {
+                    LOGGER.debug("Two many mode switches (flow blocked to Pmax from CS1 to CS2) for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (hvdc.getP2().eval() > acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS2toCS1()) {
+                hvdc.updateFeedingSide(TwoSides.TWO);
+                // Switch mode
+                LOGGER.trace("Bound Hvdc flow to Pmax from CS2 to CS1 for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                contextData.incrementModeSwitchCount(hvdcId);
+                hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED);
+                if (contextData.getModeSwitchCount(hvdcId) == MAX_MODE_SWITCH) {
+                    LOGGER.debug("Two many mode switches (flow blocked to Pmax from CS2 to CS1) for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check for mode switch between BOUNDED and FREE
+        if (acEmulationControl.getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED) {
+            if (computeRawP1(hvdc) < acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS1toCS2() && computeRawP2(hvdc) < acEmulationControl.getPMaxFromCS2toCS1()) {
+                // Switch mode
+                LOGGER.trace("Set free the Ac Emulation mode for Hvdc: {}", hvdcId);
+                hvdc.updateAcEmulationStatus(LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public OuterLoopResult check(DcOuterLoopContext context, ReportNode reportNode) {
+        OuterLoopStatus status = OuterLoopStatus.STABLE;
+        ContextData contextData = (ContextData) context.getData();
+
+        for (LfHvdc hvdc : context.getNetwork().getHvdcs()) {
+            if (!hvdc.isAcEmulation() || hvdc.getBus1().isDisabled() || hvdc.getBus2().isDisabled() || hvdc.isDisabled()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String hvdcId = hvdc.getId();
+            if (contextData.getModeSwitchCount(hvdcId) < MAX_MODE_SWITCH) {
+                // Check for Pmax values
+                if (checkMode(hvdc, contextData)) {
+                    status = OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new OuterLoopResult(this, status);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowEngine.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowEngine.java
index 00e0808673..3cea650ad3 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowEngine.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowEngine.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfBus;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfNetwork;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfNetworkLoader;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfNetworkParameters;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.util.ActivePowerDistribution;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.util.UniformValueVoltageInitializer;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.util.VoltageInitializer;
@@ -69,20 +70,10 @@ public static void initStateVector(LfNetwork network, EquationSystem<DcVariableT
         double[] x = new double[equationSystem.getIndex().getSortedVariablesToFind().size()];
         for (Variable<DcVariableType> v : equationSystem.getIndex().getSortedVariablesToFind()) {
             switch (v.getType()) {
-                case BUS_PHI:
-                    x[v.getRow()] = initializer.getAngle(network.getBus(v.getElementNum()));
-                    break;
-
-                case BRANCH_ALPHA1:
-                    x[v.getRow()] = network.getBranch(v.getElementNum()).getPiModel().getA1();
-                    break;
-
-                case DUMMY_P:
-                    x[v.getRow()] = 0;
-                    break;
-
-                default:
-                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown variable type " + v.getType());
+                case BUS_PHI -> x[v.getRow()] = initializer.getAngle(network.getBus(v.getElementNum()));
+                case BRANCH_ALPHA1 -> x[v.getRow()] = network.getBranch(v.getElementNum()).getPiModel().getA1();
+                case DUMMY_P -> x[v.getRow()] = 0;
+                default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown variable type " + v.getType());
             }
         }
         equationSystem.getStateVector().set(x);
@@ -110,36 +101,59 @@ public static void updateNetwork(LfNetwork network, EquationSystem<DcVariableTyp
         }
     }
 
-    private boolean runPhaseControlOuterLoop(DcIncrementalPhaseControlOuterLoop outerLoop, DcOuterLoopContext outerLoopContext) {
-        ReportNode olReportNode = Reports.createOuterLoopReporter(outerLoopContext.getNetwork().getReportNode(), outerLoop.getName());
-        OuterLoopStatus outerLoopStatus;
-        int outerLoopIteration = 0;
+    private boolean runOuterLoops(DcIncrementalPhaseControlOuterLoop phaseControlOuterLoop, DcOuterLoopContext phaseControlContext, DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop acEmulationOuterLoop, DcOuterLoopContext acEmulationContext, LfNetworkParameters parameters) {
+        int outerLoopsIterations = 0;
+        OuterLoopStatus outerLoopsStatus;
+        phaseControlContext.setIteration(0);
+        acEmulationContext.setIteration(0);
         boolean success = true;
 
         // re-run linear system solving until stabilization
         do {
-            // check outer loop status
-            outerLoopContext.setIteration(outerLoopIteration);
-            outerLoopContext.setLoadFlowContext(context);
-            outerLoopStatus = outerLoop.check(outerLoopContext, olReportNode).status();
-
-            if (outerLoopStatus == OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE) {
-                LOGGER.debug("Start outer loop '{}' iteration {}", outerLoop.getName(), outerLoopStatus);
-
-                // if not yet stable, restart linear system solving
-                double[] targetVectorArray = context.getTargetVector().getArray().clone();
-                success = solve(targetVectorArray, context.getJacobianMatrix(), olReportNode);
-
-                if (success) {
-                    context.getEquationSystem().getStateVector().set(targetVectorArray);
-                    updateNetwork(outerLoopContext.getNetwork(), context.getEquationSystem(), targetVectorArray);
+            outerLoopsStatus = OuterLoopStatus.STABLE;
+            // run phase control outer loop
+            if (parameters.isPhaseControl()) {
+                // check outer loop status
+                ReportNode olReportNode = Reports.createOuterLoopReporter(phaseControlContext.getNetwork().getReportNode(), phaseControlOuterLoop.getName());
+                phaseControlContext.setLoadFlowContext(context);
+                if (phaseControlOuterLoop.check(phaseControlContext, olReportNode).status() == OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE) {
+                    outerLoopsStatus = OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE;
+                    LOGGER.debug("Start outer loop '{}' iteration {}", phaseControlOuterLoop.getName(), phaseControlContext.getIteration());
+                    // if not yet stable, restart linear system solving
+                    double[] targetVectorArray = context.getTargetVector().getArray().clone();
+                    success = solve(targetVectorArray, context.getJacobianMatrix(), olReportNode);
+
+                    if (success) {
+                        context.getEquationSystem().getStateVector().set(targetVectorArray);
+                        updateNetwork(phaseControlContext.getNetwork(), context.getEquationSystem(), targetVectorArray);
+                    }
+                    phaseControlContext.incrementIteration();
+                    outerLoopsIterations++;
                 }
+            }
 
-                outerLoopIteration++;
+            // run ac emulation outer loop
+            if (parameters.isHvdcAcEmulation()) {
+                // check outer loop status
+                ReportNode olReportNode = Reports.createOuterLoopReporter(acEmulationContext.getNetwork().getReportNode(), acEmulationOuterLoop.getName());
+                acEmulationContext.setLoadFlowContext(context);
+                if (acEmulationOuterLoop.check(acEmulationContext, olReportNode).status() == OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE) {
+                    outerLoopsStatus = OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE;
+                    LOGGER.debug("Start outer loop '{}' iteration {}", acEmulationOuterLoop.getName(), acEmulationContext.getIteration());
+                    // if not yet stable, restart linear system solving
+                    double[] targetVectorArray = context.getTargetVector().getArray().clone();
+                    success = solve(targetVectorArray, context.getJacobianMatrix(), olReportNode);
+
+                    if (success) {
+                        context.getEquationSystem().getStateVector().set(targetVectorArray);
+                        updateNetwork(acEmulationContext.getNetwork(), context.getEquationSystem(), targetVectorArray);
+                    }
+                    acEmulationContext.incrementIteration();
+                    outerLoopsIterations++;
+                }
             }
-        } while (outerLoopStatus == OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE
-                && success
-                && outerLoopIteration < context.getParameters().getMaxOuterLoopIterations());
+        } while (outerLoopsStatus == OuterLoopStatus.UNSTABLE && success
+                && outerLoopsIterations < context.getParameters().getMaxOuterLoopIterations());
 
         return success;
     }
@@ -164,11 +178,16 @@ public DcLoadFlowResult run() {
         DcLoadFlowParameters parameters = context.getParameters();
         TargetVector<DcVariableType, DcEquationType> targetVector = context.getTargetVector();
 
-        // outer loop initialization
+        // outer loops initialization
         DcIncrementalPhaseControlOuterLoop phaseShifterControlOuterLoop = new DcIncrementalPhaseControlOuterLoop();
-        DcOuterLoopContext outerLoopContext = new DcOuterLoopContext(network);
+        DcOuterLoopContext phaseControlOuterLoopContext = new DcOuterLoopContext(network);
         if (parameters.getNetworkParameters().isPhaseControl()) {
-            phaseShifterControlOuterLoop.initialize(outerLoopContext);
+            phaseShifterControlOuterLoop.initialize(phaseControlOuterLoopContext);
+        }
+        DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop acEmulationOuterLoop = new DcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop();
+        DcOuterLoopContext acEmulationLoopContext = new DcOuterLoopContext(network);
+        if (parameters.getNetworkParameters().isHvdcAcEmulation()) {
+            acEmulationOuterLoop.initialize(acEmulationLoopContext);
         }
 
         initStateVector(network, equationSystem, new UniformValueVoltageInitializer());
@@ -188,9 +207,9 @@ public DcLoadFlowResult run() {
         equationSystem.getStateVector().set(targetVectorArray);
         updateNetwork(network, equationSystem, targetVectorArray);
 
-        // continue with PST active power control outer loop only if first linear system solution has succeeded
-        if (success && parameters.getNetworkParameters().isPhaseControl()) {
-            success = runPhaseControlOuterLoop(phaseShifterControlOuterLoop, outerLoopContext);
+        // continue with outer loops only if first linear system solution has succeeded
+        if (success) {
+            success = runOuterLoops(phaseShifterControlOuterLoop, phaseControlOuterLoopContext, acEmulationOuterLoop, acEmulationLoopContext, parameters.getNetworkParameters());
         }
 
         // set all calculated voltages to NaN
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcOuterLoopContext.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcOuterLoopContext.java
index 6a8e959f90..e5db5f170d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcOuterLoopContext.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcOuterLoopContext.java
@@ -31,4 +31,8 @@ public int getIteration() {
     public void setIteration(int iteration) {
         this.iteration = iteration;
     }
+
+    public void incrementIteration() {
+        this.iteration = iteration + 1;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm.java
index 6626c16c5c..2307895300 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm.java
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm extends Abstract
     protected final List<Variable<DcVariableType>> variables;
     protected final LfHvdc hvdc;
     protected final double k;
+    protected final double p0;
+    protected final double pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+    protected final double pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
 
     protected AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm(LfHvdc hvdc, LfBus bus1, LfBus bus2, VariableSet<DcVariableType> variableSet) {
         super(hvdc);
@@ -33,7 +36,10 @@ protected AbstractHvdcAcEmulationDcFlowEquationTerm(LfHvdc hvdc, LfBus bus1, LfB
         ph2Var = variableSet.getVariable(bus2.getNum(), DcVariableType.BUS_PHI);
         variables = List.of(ph1Var, ph2Var);
         this.hvdc = hvdc;
-        k = this.hvdc.getDroop() * 180 / Math.PI;
+        k = this.hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getDroop() * 180 / Math.PI;
+        p0 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getP0();
+        pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getPMaxFromCS1toCS2();
+        pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getPMaxFromCS2toCS1();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -41,6 +47,10 @@ public List<Variable<DcVariableType>> getVariables() {
         return variables;
     }
 
+    protected double rawP(double p0, double k, double ph1, double ph2) {
+        return p0 + k * (ph1 - ph2);
+    }
+
     protected double ph1() {
         return ph1(sv);
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1DCFlowEquationTerm.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1DCFlowEquationTerm.java
index ef20ed1742..6dc88fdd5a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1DCFlowEquationTerm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide1DCFlowEquationTerm.java
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.dc.equations;
 
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.Variable;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.VariableSet;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfBus;
@@ -28,15 +29,23 @@ protected String getName() {
 
     @Override
     public double eval() {
-        return k * (ph1() - ph2()) + hvdc.getP0();
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED) {
+            return element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE ? pMaxFromCS1toCS2 : -pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+        } else { // free
+            return rawP(p0, k, ph1(), ph2());
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
     public double der(Variable<DcVariableType> variable) {
+        double der = 0;
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE) {
+            der = k;
+        }
         if (variable.equals(ph1Var)) {
-            return k;
+            return der;
         } else if (variable.equals(ph2Var)) {
-            return -k;
+            return -der;
         } else {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown variable: " + variable);
         }
@@ -49,6 +58,10 @@ public boolean hasRhs() {
 
     @Override
     public double rhs() {
-        return hvdc.getP0();
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED) {
+            return element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.ONE ? pMaxFromCS1toCS2 : -pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+        } else { // free
+            return p0;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2DCFlowEquationTerm.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2DCFlowEquationTerm.java
index dec88b3517..074fd430aa 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2DCFlowEquationTerm.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/equations/HvdcAcEmulationSide2DCFlowEquationTerm.java
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.dc.equations;
 
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.Variable;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.VariableSet;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfBus;
@@ -28,15 +29,23 @@ protected String getName() {
 
     @Override
     public double eval() {
-        return k * (ph2() - ph1()) - hvdc.getP0();
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED) {
+            return element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.TWO ? pMaxFromCS2toCS1 : -pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+        } else { // free
+            return -rawP(p0, k, ph1(), ph2());
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
     public double der(Variable<DcVariableType> variable) {
-        if (variable.equals(ph1Var)) {
-            return -k;
-        } else if (variable.equals(ph2Var)) {
-            return k;
+        double der = 0;
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.FREE) {
+            der = k;
+        }
+        if (variable.equals(ph2Var)) {
+            return der;
+        } else if (variable.equals(ph1Var)) {
+            return -der;
         } else {
             throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown variable: " + variable);
         }
@@ -49,6 +58,10 @@ public boolean hasRhs() {
 
     @Override
     public double rhs() {
-        return -hvdc.getP0();
+        if (element.getAcEmulationControl().getAcEmulationStatus() == LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus.BOUNDED) {
+            return element.getAcEmulationControl().getFeedingSide() == TwoSides.TWO ? pMaxFromCS2toCS1 : -pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+        } else { // free
+            return -p0;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/equations/TargetVector.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/equations/TargetVector.java
index 3632ac3f37..b20f930034 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/equations/TargetVector.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/equations/TargetVector.java
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations;
 
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.*;
 
 import java.util.List;
@@ -77,6 +78,16 @@ public void onDisableChange(LfElement element, boolean disabled) {
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(LfHvdc hvdc, LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus) {
+            invalidateValues();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(LfHvdc hvdc, TwoSides side) {
+            invalidateValues();
+        }
     };
 
     public TargetVector(LfNetwork network, EquationSystem<V, E> equationSystem, Initializer<V, E> initializer) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/lf/outerloop/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/lf/outerloop/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9c65c6e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/lf/outerloop/AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop.java
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, Coreso SA (https://www.coreso.eu/) and TSCNET Services GmbH (https://www.tscnet.eu/)
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+ */
+package com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.outerloop;
+
+/**
+ * @author Hadrien Godard {@literal <hadrien.godard at artelys.com>}
+ */
+
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.Quantity;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.AbstractLoadFlowParameters;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.lf.LoadFlowContext;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.LfHvdc;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.mutable.MutableInt;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public abstract class AbstractHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop<V extends Enum<V> & Quantity,
+                                                    E extends Enum<E> & Quantity,
+                                                    P extends AbstractLoadFlowParameters,
+                                                    C extends LoadFlowContext<V, E, P>,
+                                                    O extends OuterLoopContext<V, E, P, C>> implements OuterLoop<V, E, P, C, O> {
+
+    protected static final int MAX_MODE_SWITCH = 2;
+    protected static final int MAX_FEEDING_SIDE_SWITCH = 2;
+
+    protected static final class ContextData {
+        private final Map<String, MutableInt> modeSwitchCount = new HashMap<>();
+        private final Map<String, MutableInt> feedingSideSwitchCount = new HashMap<>();
+
+        public void incrementModeSwitchCount(String hvdcId) {
+            modeSwitchCount.computeIfAbsent(hvdcId, k -> new MutableInt(0))
+                    .increment();
+        }
+
+        public void incrementFeedingSideSwitchCount(String hvdcId) {
+            feedingSideSwitchCount.computeIfAbsent(hvdcId, k -> new MutableInt(0))
+                    .increment();
+        }
+
+        public int getModeSwitchCount(String hvdcId) {
+            MutableInt counter = modeSwitchCount.get(hvdcId);
+            if (counter == null) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return counter.getValue();
+        }
+
+        public int getFeedingSideSwitchCount(String hvdcId) {
+            MutableInt counter = feedingSideSwitchCount.get(hvdcId);
+            if (counter == null) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            return counter.getValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected double computeRawP1(LfHvdc hvdc) {
+        double ph1 = hvdc.getBus1().getAngle();
+        double ph2 = hvdc.getBus2().getAngle();
+        double p0 = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getP0();
+        double k = hvdc.getAcEmulationControl().getDroop();
+        return p0 + k * (ph1 - ph2);
+    }
+
+    protected double computeRawP2(LfHvdc hvdc) {
+        return -computeRawP1(hvdc);
+    }
+
+    public void initialize(OuterLoopContext context) {
+        context.setData(new ContextData());
+    }
+
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/AbstractLfNetworkListener.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/AbstractLfNetworkListener.java
index e4aa63bde3..bd5d55f2b5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/AbstractLfNetworkListener.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/AbstractLfNetworkListener.java
@@ -115,4 +115,14 @@ public void onSlackBusChange(LfBus bus, boolean slack) {
     public void onReferenceBusChange(LfBus bus, boolean reference) {
         // empty
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(LfHvdc hvdc, LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus) {
+        // empty
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(LfHvdc hvdc, TwoSides side) {
+        // empty
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfHvdc.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfHvdc.java
index 4b07bafd52..6f6530be6f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfHvdc.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfHvdc.java
@@ -7,13 +7,69 @@
  */
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.network;
 
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.util.Evaluable;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.util.PerUnit;
 
 /**
  * @author Anne Tilloy {@literal <anne.tilloy at rte-france.com>}
  */
 public interface LfHvdc extends LfElement {
 
+    class AcEmulationControl {
+        public enum AcEmulationStatus {
+            FREE,
+            BOUNDED,
+            NULL;
+        }
+        private final double droop;
+        private final double p0;
+        private final double pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+        private final double pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+        private AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus = AcEmulationStatus.FREE;
+        private TwoSides feedingSide;
+
+        public AcEmulationControl(double droop, double p0, double pMaxFromCS1toCS2, double pMaxFromCS2toCS1) {
+            this.droop = droop;
+            this.p0 = p0;
+            this.pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
+            this.pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+            this.feedingSide = (p0 >= 0) ? TwoSides.ONE : TwoSides.TWO;
+        }
+
+        public double getDroop() {
+            return droop / PerUnit.SB;
+        }
+
+        public double getP0() {
+            return p0 / PerUnit.SB;
+        }
+
+        public double getPMaxFromCS1toCS2() {
+            return pMaxFromCS1toCS2 / PerUnit.SB;
+        }
+
+        public double getPMaxFromCS2toCS1() {
+            return pMaxFromCS2toCS1 / PerUnit.SB;
+        }
+
+        public AcEmulationStatus getAcEmulationStatus() {
+            return acEmulationStatus;
+        }
+
+        public TwoSides getFeedingSide() {
+            return feedingSide;
+        }
+
+        public void setAcEmulationStatus(AcEmulationStatus status) {
+            acEmulationStatus = status;
+        }
+
+        public void setFeedingSide(TwoSides side) {
+            feedingSide = side;
+        }
+    }
+
     LfBus getBus1();
 
     LfBus getBus2();
@@ -28,10 +84,6 @@ public interface LfHvdc extends LfElement {
 
     Evaluable getP2();
 
-    double getDroop();
-
-    double getP0();
-
     boolean isAcEmulation();
 
     void setAcEmulation(boolean acEmulation);
@@ -44,9 +96,11 @@ public interface LfHvdc extends LfElement {
 
     void setConverterStation2(LfVscConverterStation converterStation2);
 
-    void updateState();
+    AcEmulationControl getAcEmulationControl();
+
+    void updateAcEmulationStatus(AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus);
 
-    double getPMaxFromCS1toCS2();
+    void updateFeedingSide(TwoSides side);
 
-    double getPMaxFromCS2toCS1();
+    void updateState();
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListener.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListener.java
index d6faf9a32b..a029b7cec7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListener.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListener.java
@@ -55,4 +55,8 @@ public interface LfNetworkListener {
     void onSlackBusChange(LfBus bus, boolean slack);
 
     void onReferenceBusChange(LfBus bus, boolean reference);
+
+    void onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(LfHvdc hvdc, LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus);
+
+    void onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(LfHvdc hvdc, TwoSides side);
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListenerTracer.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListenerTracer.java
index ee7eb7d54a..8ee2246c5a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListenerTracer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/LfNetworkListenerTracer.java
@@ -167,4 +167,16 @@ public void onReferenceBusChange(LfBus bus, boolean reference) {
         LOGGER.trace("onReferenceBusChange(bus={}, reference={})", bus, reference);
         delegate.onReferenceBusChange(bus, reference);
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(LfHvdc hvdc, LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus) {
+        LOGGER.trace("onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(hvdc={}, status={})", hvdc, acEmulationStatus);
+        delegate.onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(hvdc, acEmulationStatus);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(LfHvdc hvdc, TwoSides side) {
+        LOGGER.trace("onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(hvdc={}, side={})", hvdc, side);
+        delegate.onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(hvdc, side);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/impl/LfHvdcImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/impl/LfHvdcImpl.java
index ffbe307e63..3dfc91cdf9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/impl/LfHvdcImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/impl/LfHvdcImpl.java
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.impl;
 
 import com.powsybl.iidm.network.HvdcLine;
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.iidm.network.extensions.HvdcAngleDroopActivePowerControl;
 import com.powsybl.iidm.network.extensions.HvdcOperatorActivePowerRange;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.*;
@@ -33,19 +34,13 @@ public class LfHvdcImpl extends AbstractElement implements LfHvdc {
 
     private Evaluable p2 = NAN;
 
-    private double droop = Double.NaN;
-
-    private double p0 = Double.NaN;
-
     private LfVscConverterStation converterStation1;
 
     private LfVscConverterStation converterStation2;
 
     private boolean acEmulation;
 
-    private final double pMaxFromCS1toCS2;
-
-    private final double pMaxFromCS2toCS1;
+    AcEmulationControl acEmulationControl;
 
     public LfHvdcImpl(String id, LfBus bus1, LfBus bus2, LfNetwork network, HvdcLine hvdcLine, boolean acEmulation) {
         super(network);
@@ -53,18 +48,12 @@ public LfHvdcImpl(String id, LfBus bus1, LfBus bus2, LfNetwork network, HvdcLine
         this.bus1 = bus1;
         this.bus2 = bus2;
         HvdcAngleDroopActivePowerControl droopControl = hvdcLine.getExtension(HvdcAngleDroopActivePowerControl.class);
+        HvdcOperatorActivePowerRange powerRange = hvdcLine.getExtension(HvdcOperatorActivePowerRange.class);
+        double pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = (powerRange != null) ? powerRange.getOprFromCS1toCS2() : hvdcLine.getMaxP();
+        double pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = (powerRange != null) ? powerRange.getOprFromCS2toCS1() : hvdcLine.getMaxP();
         this.acEmulation = acEmulation && droopControl != null && droopControl.isEnabled();
         if (this.acEmulation) {
-            droop = droopControl.getDroop();
-            p0 = droopControl.getP0();
-        }
-        HvdcOperatorActivePowerRange powerRange = hvdcLine.getExtension(HvdcOperatorActivePowerRange.class);
-        if (powerRange != null) {
-            pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = powerRange.getOprFromCS1toCS2();
-            pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = powerRange.getOprFromCS2toCS1();
-        } else {
-            pMaxFromCS2toCS1 = hvdcLine.getMaxP();
-            pMaxFromCS1toCS2 = hvdcLine.getMaxP();
+            acEmulationControl = new AcEmulationControl(droopControl.getDroop(), droopControl.getP0(), pMaxFromCS1toCS2, pMaxFromCS2toCS1);
         }
     }
 
@@ -123,16 +112,6 @@ public Evaluable getP2() {
         return this.p2;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public double getDroop() {
-        return droop / PerUnit.SB;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public double getP0() {
-        return p0 / PerUnit.SB;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public boolean isAcEmulation() {
         return acEmulation;
@@ -166,20 +145,31 @@ public void setConverterStation2(LfVscConverterStation converterStation2) {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void updateState() {
-        if (acEmulation) {
-            ((LfVscConverterStationImpl) converterStation1).getStation().getTerminal().setP(p1.eval() * PerUnit.SB);
-            ((LfVscConverterStationImpl) converterStation2).getStation().getTerminal().setP(p2.eval() * PerUnit.SB);
+    public AcEmulationControl getAcEmulationControl() {
+        return acEmulationControl;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateAcEmulationStatus(AcEmulationControl.AcEmulationStatus acEmulationStatus) {
+        acEmulationControl.setAcEmulationStatus(acEmulationStatus);
+        for (LfNetworkListener listener : network.getListeners()) {
+            listener.onHvdcAcEmulationStatusChange(this, acEmulationStatus);
         }
     }
 
     @Override
-    public double getPMaxFromCS1toCS2() {
-        return Double.isNaN(pMaxFromCS1toCS2) ? Double.MAX_VALUE : pMaxFromCS1toCS2 / PerUnit.SB;
+    public void updateFeedingSide(TwoSides side) {
+        acEmulationControl.setFeedingSide(side);
+        for (LfNetworkListener listener : network.getListeners()) {
+            listener.onHvdcAcEmulationFeedingSideChange(this, side);
+        }
     }
 
     @Override
-    public double getPMaxFromCS2toCS1() {
-        return Double.isNaN(pMaxFromCS1toCS2) ? Double.MAX_VALUE : pMaxFromCS2toCS1 / PerUnit.SB;
+    public void updateState() {
+        if (acEmulation) {
+            ((LfVscConverterStationImpl) converterStation1).getStation().getTerminal().setP(p1.eval() * PerUnit.SB);
+            ((LfVscConverterStationImpl) converterStation2).getStation().getTerminal().setP(p2.eval() * PerUnit.SB);
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/EquationsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/EquationsTest.java
index c0b9d10bec..225c59da27 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/EquationsTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/EquationsTest.java
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 package com.powsybl.openloadflow;
 
 import com.powsybl.commons.PowsyblException;
+import com.powsybl.iidm.network.TwoSides;
 import com.powsybl.math.matrix.DenseMatrix;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.ac.equations.*;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.dc.equations.ClosedBranchSide1DcFlowEquationTerm;
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.equations.*;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.*;
 import com.powsybl.openloadflow.network.impl.LfVscConverterStationImpl;
+import com.powsybl.openloadflow.util.PerUnit;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.mockito.Mockito;
@@ -64,6 +66,14 @@ public Object answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) {
     private static final double LOSS_FACTOR_2 = 0.02400453453002384;
     private static final double G_SHUNT = 0.0000372472384299244;
 
+    private static LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl buildAcEmulationControl() {
+        LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl acEmulationControl = new LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl(DROOP * PerUnit.SB, P_0 * PerUnit.SB, Double.MAX_VALUE, Double.MAX_VALUE);
+        acEmulationControl.setFeedingSide(TwoSides.TWO);
+        return acEmulationControl;
+    }
+
+    private static final LfHvdc.AcEmulationControl AC_EMULATION_CONTROL = buildAcEmulationControl();
+
     private static <V extends Enum<V> & Quantity, E extends Enum<E> & Quantity> double[] eval(EquationTerm<V, E> term, List<Variable<V>> variables, StateVector sv) {
         term.setStateVector(sv);
         double[] values = new double[variables.size() + 2];
@@ -255,10 +265,7 @@ void hvdcTest() {
         var hvdc = Mockito.mock(LfHvdc.class, new RuntimeExceptionAnswer());
         Mockito.doReturn(0).when(hvdc).getNum();
         Mockito.doReturn(false).when(hvdc).isDisabled();
-        Mockito.doReturn(DROOP).when(hvdc).getDroop();
-        Mockito.doReturn(P_0).when(hvdc).getP0();
-        Mockito.doReturn(Double.MAX_VALUE).when(hvdc).getPMaxFromCS1toCS2();
-        Mockito.doReturn(Double.MAX_VALUE).when(hvdc).getPMaxFromCS2toCS1();
+        Mockito.doReturn(AC_EMULATION_CONTROL).when(hvdc).getAcEmulationControl();
         LfVscConverterStationImpl station1 = Mockito.mock(LfVscConverterStationImpl.class, new RuntimeExceptionAnswer());
         LfVscConverterStationImpl station2 = Mockito.mock(LfVscConverterStationImpl.class, new RuntimeExceptionAnswer());
         Mockito.doReturn(station1).when(hvdc).getConverterStation1();
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowParametersTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowParametersTest.java
index 166ee44393..6d83c27c98 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowParametersTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowParametersTest.java
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ void testExplicitOuterLoopsParameter() {
         OpenLoadFlowParameters parametersExt = new OpenLoadFlowParameters()
                 .setSecondaryVoltageControl(true);
 
-        assertEquals(List.of("DistributedSlack", "SecondaryVoltageControl", "VoltageMonitoring", "ReactiveLimits", "ShuntVoltageControl"), OpenLoadFlowParameters.createOuterLoops(parameters, parametersExt).stream().map(OuterLoop::getType).toList());
+        assertEquals(List.of("DistributedSlack", "AcHvdcAcEmulation", "SecondaryVoltageControl", "VoltageMonitoring", "ReactiveLimits", "ShuntVoltageControl"), OpenLoadFlowParameters.createOuterLoops(parameters, parametersExt).stream().map(OuterLoop::getType).toList());
 
         parametersExt.setOuterLoopNames(List.of("ReactiveLimits", "SecondaryVoltageControl"));
         assertEquals(List.of("ReactiveLimits", "SecondaryVoltageControl"), OpenLoadFlowParameters.createOuterLoops(parameters, parametersExt).stream().map(OuterLoop::getType).toList());
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ void testExplicitOuterLoopsParameter() {
         e = assertThrows(PowsyblException.class, () -> OpenLoadFlowParameters.createOuterLoops(parameters, parametersExt));
         assertEquals("Unknown outer loop 'Foo'", e.getMessage());
 
-        assertEquals("Ordered explicit list of outer loop names, supported outer loops are IncrementalPhaseControl, DistributedSlack, IncrementalShuntVoltageControl, IncrementalTransformerVoltageControl, VoltageMonitoring, PhaseControl, ReactiveLimits, SecondaryVoltageControl, ShuntVoltageControl, SimpleTransformerVoltageControl, TransformerVoltageControl, AutomationSystem, IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControl",
+        assertEquals("Ordered explicit list of outer loop names, supported outer loops are IncrementalPhaseControl, DistributedSlack, IncrementalShuntVoltageControl, IncrementalTransformerVoltageControl, VoltageMonitoring, PhaseControl, ReactiveLimits, SecondaryVoltageControl, ShuntVoltageControl, SimpleTransformerVoltageControl, TransformerVoltageControl, AutomationSystem, IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControl, AcHvdcAcEmulation",
                      OpenLoadFlowParameters.SPECIFIC_PARAMETERS.stream().filter(p -> p.getName().equals(OpenLoadFlowParameters.OUTER_LOOP_NAMES_PARAM_NAME)).findFirst().orElseThrow().getDescription());
     }
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowProviderTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowProviderTest.java
index 762f4d34a9..5552907371 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowProviderTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/OpenLoadFlowProviderTest.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void testDcParameters() {
     void testAcParameters() {
         Network network = Mockito.mock(Network.class);
         AcLoadFlowParameters acParameters = OpenLoadFlowParameters.createAcParameters(network, new LoadFlowParameters().setReadSlackBus(true), new OpenLoadFlowParameters(), new DenseMatrixFactory(), new EvenShiloachGraphDecrementalConnectivityFactory<>(), false, false);
-        assertEquals("AcLoadFlowParameters(networkParameters=LfNetworkParameters(slackBusSelector=NetworkSlackBusSelector, connectivityFactory=EvenShiloachGraphDecrementalConnectivityFactory, generatorVoltageRemoteControl=true, minImpedance=false, twtSplitShuntAdmittance=false, breakers=false, plausibleActivePowerLimit=5000.0, computeMainConnectedComponentOnly=true, countriesToBalance=[], distributedOnConformLoad=false, phaseControl=false, transformerVoltageControl=false, voltagePerReactivePowerControl=false, generatorReactivePowerRemoteControl=false, transformerReactivePowerControl=false, loadFlowModel=AC, reactiveLimits=true, hvdcAcEmulation=true, minPlausibleTargetVoltage=0.8, maxPlausibleTargetVoltage=1.2, loaderPostProcessorSelection=[], reactiveRangeCheckMode=MAX, lowImpedanceThreshold=1.0E-8, svcVoltageMonitoring=true, maxSlackBusCount=1, debugDir=null, secondaryVoltageControl=false, cacheEnabled=false, asymmetrical=false, minNominalVoltageTargetVoltageCheck=20.0, linePerUnitMode=IMPEDANCE, useLoadModel=false, simulateAutomationSystems=false, referenceBusSelector=ReferenceBusFirstSlackSelector, voltageTargetPriorities=[GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER, SHUNT]), equationSystemCreationParameters=AcEquationSystemCreationParameters(forceA1Var=false), newtonRaphsonParameters=NewtonRaphsonParameters(maxIterations=15, minRealisticVoltage=0.5, maxRealisticVoltage=2.0, stoppingCriteria=DefaultNewtonRaphsonStoppingCriteria, stateVectorScalingMode=NONE, alwaysUpdateNetwork=false, lineSearchStateVectorScalingMaxIteration=10, lineSearchStateVectorScalingStepFold=1.3333333333333333, maxVoltageChangeStateVectorScalingMaxDv=0.1, maxVoltageChangeStateVectorScalingMaxDphi=0.17453292519943295), newtonKrylovParameters=NewtonKrylovParameters(maxIterations=100, lineSearch=false), outerLoops=[DistributedSlackOuterLoop, MonitoringVoltageOuterLoop, ReactiveLimitsOuterLoop], maxOuterLoopIterations=20, matrixFactory=DenseMatrixFactory, voltageInitializer=UniformValueVoltageInitializer, asymmetrical=false, slackDistributionFailureBehavior=LEAVE_ON_SLACK_BUS, solverFactory=NewtonRaphsonFactory, detailedReport=false)",
+        assertEquals("AcLoadFlowParameters(networkParameters=LfNetworkParameters(slackBusSelector=NetworkSlackBusSelector, connectivityFactory=EvenShiloachGraphDecrementalConnectivityFactory, generatorVoltageRemoteControl=true, minImpedance=false, twtSplitShuntAdmittance=false, breakers=false, plausibleActivePowerLimit=5000.0, computeMainConnectedComponentOnly=true, countriesToBalance=[], distributedOnConformLoad=false, phaseControl=false, transformerVoltageControl=false, voltagePerReactivePowerControl=false, generatorReactivePowerRemoteControl=false, transformerReactivePowerControl=false, loadFlowModel=AC, reactiveLimits=true, hvdcAcEmulation=true, minPlausibleTargetVoltage=0.8, maxPlausibleTargetVoltage=1.2, loaderPostProcessorSelection=[], reactiveRangeCheckMode=MAX, lowImpedanceThreshold=1.0E-8, svcVoltageMonitoring=true, maxSlackBusCount=1, debugDir=null, secondaryVoltageControl=false, cacheEnabled=false, asymmetrical=false, minNominalVoltageTargetVoltageCheck=20.0, linePerUnitMode=IMPEDANCE, useLoadModel=false, simulateAutomationSystems=false, referenceBusSelector=ReferenceBusFirstSlackSelector, voltageTargetPriorities=[GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER, SHUNT]), equationSystemCreationParameters=AcEquationSystemCreationParameters(forceA1Var=false), newtonRaphsonParameters=NewtonRaphsonParameters(maxIterations=15, minRealisticVoltage=0.5, maxRealisticVoltage=2.0, stoppingCriteria=DefaultNewtonRaphsonStoppingCriteria, stateVectorScalingMode=NONE, alwaysUpdateNetwork=false, lineSearchStateVectorScalingMaxIteration=10, lineSearchStateVectorScalingStepFold=1.3333333333333333, maxVoltageChangeStateVectorScalingMaxDv=0.1, maxVoltageChangeStateVectorScalingMaxDphi=0.17453292519943295), newtonKrylovParameters=NewtonKrylovParameters(maxIterations=100, lineSearch=false), outerLoops=[DistributedSlackOuterLoop, AcHvdcAcEmulationOuterLoop, MonitoringVoltageOuterLoop, ReactiveLimitsOuterLoop], maxOuterLoopIterations=20, matrixFactory=DenseMatrixFactory, voltageInitializer=UniformValueVoltageInitializer, asymmetrical=false, slackDistributionFailureBehavior=LEAVE_ON_SLACK_BUS, solverFactory=NewtonRaphsonFactory, detailedReport=false)",
                      acParameters.toString());
     }
 
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/AcLoadFlowVscTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/AcLoadFlowVscTest.java
index 2620a9b960..0cc6679a6f 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/AcLoadFlowVscTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/ac/AcLoadFlowVscTest.java
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ void testHvdcPowerAcEmulation() {
 
     @Test
     void testHvdcDirectionChangeAcEmulation() {
-        Network network = HvdcNetworkFactory.createHvdcInAcEmulationInSymetricNetwork();
+        Network network = HvdcNetworkFactory.createHvdcInAcEmulationInSymmetricNetwork();
         LoadFlow.Runner loadFlowRunner = new LoadFlow.Runner(new OpenLoadFlowProvider(new DenseMatrixFactory()));
         LoadFlowResult result = loadFlowRunner.run(network, new LoadFlowParameters());
         assertTrue(result.isFullyConverged());
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowTest.java
index bd4a5f586d..d39cf4bce8 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/dc/DcLoadFlowTest.java
@@ -391,4 +391,13 @@ void testDcApproxIgnoreG() {
         assertEquals(307.436, line2.getTerminal1().getP(), 0.01);
         assertEquals(-307.436, line2.getTerminal2().getP(), 0.01);
     }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDcAcEmulation() {
+        Network network = HvdcNetworkFactory.createHvdcInAcEmulation3BusesNetwork();
+        network.getHvdcLine("hvdc23").setMaxP(2.);
+        loadFlowRunner.run(network, parameters);
+        assertEquals(2.0, network.getHvdcLine("hvdc23").getConverterStation1().getTerminal().getP(), 0.01);
+        assertEquals(1.0, network.getLine("l13").getTerminal1().getP(), 0.01);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/HvdcNetworkFactory.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/HvdcNetworkFactory.java
index da5f0cae3b..09efe67a8b 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/HvdcNetworkFactory.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/network/HvdcNetworkFactory.java
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ public static Network createWithHvdcInAcEmulation() {
      *     Initially, g1 is on. g2 is off.
      * @return
      */
-    public static Network createHvdcInAcEmulationInSymetricNetwork() {
+    public static Network createHvdcInAcEmulationInSymmetricNetwork() {
         Network network = Network.create("test", "code");
         Bus b1 = createBus(network, "b1");
         Bus b2 = createBus(network, "b2");
@@ -603,6 +603,39 @@ public static Network createHvdcInAcEmulationInSymetricNetwork() {
         return network;
     }
 
+    /**
+     *       ------------l12---------------
+     *      |                             |
+     * g1--b1--b2---vsc1--hvdc12--vsc2----b3--g3
+     *     |                              |
+     *     l1                            l3
+     *
+     *     Initially, g1 is on. g2 is off.
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Network createHvdcInAcEmulation3BusesNetwork() {
+        Network network = Network.create("test", "code");
+        Bus b1 = createBus(network, "b1");
+        Bus b2 = createBus(network, "b2");
+        Bus b3 = createBus(network, "b3");
+        createGenerator(b1, "g1", 5).setMaxP(10);
+        createGenerator(b3, "g3", 0).setMaxP(10);
+        createLoad(b1, "l1", 3);
+        createLoad(b3, "l3", 3);
+        createLine(network, b1, b2, "l12", 0.001f);
+        createLine(network, b1, b3, "l13", 0.1f);
+
+        HvdcConverterStation cs1 = createVsc(b2, "cs2", 1.2d, 0d);
+        HvdcConverterStation cs2 = createVsc(b3, "cs3", 1.2d, 0d);
+        createHvdcLine(network, "hvdc23", cs1, cs2, 400, 0.1, 2)
+                .newExtension(HvdcAngleDroopActivePowerControlAdder.class)
+                .withDroop(1)
+                .withP0(0)
+                .withEnabled(true)
+                .add();
+        return network;
+    }
+
     /**
      * <pre>
      *     g1 - b1 -- l12 -- b2 -- hvdc23 -- b3 -- l34 -- b4 - l4
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisTest.java
index 558c244ab1..4a03c7a4e7 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisTest.java
@@ -1302,11 +1302,11 @@ void testHvdcAcEmulation() {
         SecurityAnalysisResult result = runSecurityAnalysis(network, contingencies, monitors, parameters);
 
         PreContingencyResult preContingencyResult = result.getPreContingencyResult();
-        assertEquals(-1.768, preContingencyResult.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
+        assertEquals(-1.766, preContingencyResult.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
 
         // post-contingency tests
         PostContingencyResult g1ContingencyResult = getPostContingencyResult(result, "g1");
-        assertEquals(-2.783, g1ContingencyResult.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
+        assertEquals(-2.780, g1ContingencyResult.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
 
         List<Contingency> contingencies2 = new ArrayList<>();
         contingencies2.add(Contingency.hvdcLine("hvdc34"));
@@ -1315,10 +1315,10 @@ void testHvdcAcEmulation() {
 
         // post-contingency tests
         PostContingencyResult hvdcContingencyResult = getPostContingencyResult(result2, "hvdc34");
-        assertEquals(-2.000, hvdcContingencyResult.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
+        assertEquals(-1.998, hvdcContingencyResult.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
 
         PostContingencyResult g1ContingencyResult2 = getPostContingencyResult(result, "g1");
-        assertEquals(-2.783, g1ContingencyResult2.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
+        assertEquals(-2.780, g1ContingencyResult2.getNetworkResult().getBranchResult("l25").getP1(), LoadFlowAssert.DELTA_POWER);
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisWithActionsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisWithActionsTest.java
index e61b270e67..4b9af0e11f 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisWithActionsTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/powsybl/openloadflow/sa/OpenSecurityAnalysisWithActionsTest.java
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ void testWrongShuntAction() {
 
     @Test
     void testVSCLossAcEmulation() {
-        // contingency leads to the lost of one converter station.
+        // contingency leads to the loss of one converter station.
         // contingency leads to zero active power transmission in the hvdc line.
         // but other converter station keeps its voltage control capability.
         // remedial action re-enables the ac emulation of the hvdc line.
diff --git a/src/test/resources/controllerShuntAlreadyInVoltageControlReport.txt b/src/test/resources/controllerShuntAlreadyInVoltageControlReport.txt
index 98f4429245..64ac125cc5 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/controllerShuntAlreadyInVoltageControlReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/controllerShuntAlreadyInVoltageControlReport.txt
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@
             Angle reference bus: vl2_0
             Slack bus: vl2_0
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop ShuntVoltageControl
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop ShuntVoltageControl
diff --git a/src/test/resources/detailedNrReportSecurityAnalysis.txt b/src/test/resources/detailedNrReportSecurityAnalysis.txt
index 8a323d826b..7ef1bba19f 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/detailedNrReportSecurityAnalysis.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/detailedNrReportSecurityAnalysis.txt
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
                      Bus V: 0.995 pu, 8.551939024446748E-22 rad
                      Bus injection: 603.7693866643697 MW, 121.9404027609291 MVar
             Outer loop DistributedSlack
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
@@ -161,9 +162,11 @@
                      Bus Id: VL1_0 (nominalVoltage=400.0kV)
                      Bus V: 0.995 pu, 2.3836834369535747E-26 rad
                      Bus injection: 608.3346737740034 MW, 234.0235926831469 MVar
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             Outer loop DistributedSlack
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/esgTutoReport.txt b/src/test/resources/esgTutoReport.txt
index 9714db7f95..bb0817bab5 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/esgTutoReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/esgTutoReport.txt
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@
          + Outer loop DistributedSlack
             + Outer loop iteration 1
                Slack bus active power (-1.4404045651219555 MW) distributed in 1 distribution iteration(s)
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@
             Network balance: active generation=607.0 MW, active load=600.0 MW, reactive generation=0.0 MVar, reactive load=200.0 MVar
             Angle reference bus: VLLOAD_0
             Slack bus: VLLOAD_0
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportLf.txt b/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportLf.txt
index b0ddfeed51..5987aae5da 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportLf.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportLf.txt
@@ -218,12 +218,14 @@
                   Bus Id: VLGEN_0 (nominalVoltage=24.0kV)
                   Bus V: 1.0208333333333333 pu, 0.04059595665621846 rad
                   Bus injection: 605.5584900201209 MW, 225.2825348319027 MVar
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          + Outer loop IncrementalTransformerVoltageControl
             + Outer loop iteration 2
                1 voltage-controlled buses are outside of their target deadbands
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          + Outer loop IncrementalTransformerVoltageControl
diff --git a/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportSensi.txt b/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportSensi.txt
index 6904bf38c8..5c0658679b 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportSensi.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/esgTutoReportDetailedNrReportSensi.txt
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
                   Bus Id: VLGEN_0 (nominalVoltage=24.0kV)
                   Bus V: 1.0208333333333333 pu, 0.04069359966489529 rad
                   Bus injection: 607.0001563589107 MW, 225.40357009583855 MVar
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/generatorVoltageControlDiscarded.txt b/src/test/resources/generatorVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
index a42c147f6a..88d6c0ff2c 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/generatorVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/generatorVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
             Angle reference bus: b1_vl_0
             Slack bus: b1_vl_0
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop SimpleTransformerVoltageControl
diff --git a/src/test/resources/generatorsConnectedToSameBusNotControllingSameBusReport.txt b/src/test/resources/generatorsConnectedToSameBusNotControllingSameBusReport.txt
index 366ec047f1..c61fea8acd 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/generatorsConnectedToSameBusNotControllingSameBusReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/generatorsConnectedToSameBusNotControllingSameBusReport.txt
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@
             Network balance: active generation=608.0 MW, active load=600.0 MW, reactive generation=0.0 MVar, reactive load=200.0 MVar
             Angle reference bus: VLGEN_0
             Slack bus: VLGEN_0
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsAcReport.txt b/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsAcReport.txt
index a7170efdb2..f014d774bd 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsAcReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsAcReport.txt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
             Angle reference bus: b1_vl_0
             Slack bus: b1_vl_0
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsDcReport.txt b/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsDcReport.txt
index f25d69cdc5..296bab6ba5 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsDcReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/multipleConnectedComponentsDcReport.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
             Network balance: active generation=3.0 MW, active load=2.0 MW, reactive generation=0.0 MVar, reactive load=0.0 MVar
             Angle reference bus: b1_vl_0
             Slack bus: b1_vl_0
+         Outer loop DcHvdcAcEmulation
          DC load flow completed (status=true)
       + Network CC1 SC1
          + Network info
@@ -13,5 +14,6 @@
             Network balance: active generation=2.0 MW, active load=4.0 MW, reactive generation=0.0 MVar, reactive load=0.0 MVar
             Angle reference bus: b5_vl_0
             Slack bus: b5_vl_0
+         Outer loop DcHvdcAcEmulation
          DC load flow completed (status=true)
       No calculation will be done on 1 network(s) that have no generators
diff --git a/src/test/resources/saReport.txt b/src/test/resources/saReport.txt
index eed341c721..7b430696a8 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/saReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/saReport.txt
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
             + Outer loop DistributedSlack
                + Outer loop iteration 1
                   Slack bus active power (-1.4404045651219555 MW) distributed in 1 distribution iteration(s)
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             Outer loop DistributedSlack
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
@@ -20,9 +22,11 @@
             + Outer loop DistributedSlack
                + Outer loop iteration 1
                   Slack bus active power (5.803741102800952 MW) distributed in 1 distribution iteration(s)
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             Outer loop DistributedSlack
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
@@ -30,9 +34,11 @@
             + Outer loop DistributedSlack
                + Outer loop iteration 1
                   Slack bus active power (5.803741102800952 MW) distributed in 1 distribution iteration(s)
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             Outer loop DistributedSlack
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
@@ -43,9 +49,11 @@
             + Outer loop DistributedSlack
                + Outer loop iteration 1
                   Slack bus active power (-5.4942194604343655 MW) distributed in 1 distribution iteration(s)
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             Outer loop DistributedSlack
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/saReportOperatorStrategies.txt b/src/test/resources/saReportOperatorStrategies.txt
index c2833fb62e..9686039660 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/saReportOperatorStrategies.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/saReportOperatorStrategies.txt
@@ -7,30 +7,37 @@
             Angle reference bus: VL2_0
             Slack bus: VL2_0
          + Pre-contingency simulation
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
          + Post-contingency simulation 'L1'
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
             + Operator strategy simulation 'strategyL1'
+               Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
                Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
                Outer loop ReactiveLimits
                AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
          + Post-contingency simulation 'L3'
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
             + Operator strategy simulation 'strategyL3'
+               Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
                Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
                Outer loop ReactiveLimits
                AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
          + Post-contingency simulation 'L2'
+            Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
             Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
             Outer loop ReactiveLimits
             AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
             + Operator strategy simulation 'strategyL2'
+               Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
                Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
                Outer loop ReactiveLimits
                AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/sharedGeneratorRemoteReactivePowerControlReport.txt b/src/test/resources/sharedGeneratorRemoteReactivePowerControlReport.txt
index 9e9e4fd45e..893c4bba65 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/sharedGeneratorRemoteReactivePowerControlReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/sharedGeneratorRemoteReactivePowerControlReport.txt
@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@
             Network balance: active generation=3.0 MW, active load=5.0 MW, reactive generation=0.0 MVar, reactive load=0.0 MVar
             Angle reference bus: b1_vl_0
             Slack bus: b1_vl_0
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          AC load flow completed successfully (solverStatus=CONVERGED, outerloopStatus=STABLE)
diff --git a/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlDiscarded.txt b/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
index 3e3ff71efe..0296e2f43b 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@
             Angle reference bus: vl2_0
             Slack bus: vl2_0
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop ShuntVoltageControl
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop ShuntVoltageControl
diff --git a/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlOuterLoopReport.txt b/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlOuterLoopReport.txt
index 4347afc3f7..bd8ab5f265 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlOuterLoopReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/shuntVoltageControlOuterLoopReport.txt
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
                   Bus V: 0.975 pu, 0.0010125504427887688 rad
                   Bus injection: 101.36618622358611 MW, 150.64984395641986 MVar
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          + Outer loop IncrementalShuntVoltageControl
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@
                   Bus V: 0.975 pu, 0.002014826586019094 rad
                   Bus injection: 101.3664080925296 MW, -2.165165450231683 MVar
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop IncrementalShuntVoltageControl
diff --git a/src/test/resources/transformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoopReport.txt b/src/test/resources/transformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoopReport.txt
index 327991105f..844c674434 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/transformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoopReport.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/transformerReactivePowerControlOuterLoopReport.txt
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@
                   Bus Id: VL_1_0 (nominalVoltage=132.0kV)
                   Bus V: 1.0227272727272727 pu, 0.011752202697884006 rad
                   Bus injection: 22.111404488893672 MW, 7.616219016989096 MVar
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          + Outer loop IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControl
@@ -244,12 +245,14 @@
                   Bus Id: VL_1_0 (nominalVoltage=132.0kV)
                   Bus V: 1.0227272727272727 pu, 0.013083707387261096 rad
                   Bus injection: 24.491420280899572 MW, 7.284141028025306 MVar
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          + Outer loop IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControl
             + Outer loop iteration 5
                1 reactive power-controlled branches are outside of their target deadbands
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          + Outer loop IncrementalTransformerReactivePowerControl
diff --git a/src/test/resources/transformerVoltageControlDiscarded.txt b/src/test/resources/transformerVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
index c3d7024b31..bb6a8cc51d 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/transformerVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
+++ b/src/test/resources/transformerVoltageControlDiscarded.txt
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
          + Outer loop DistributedSlack
             + Outer loop iteration 1
                Slack bus active power (-2.8882610545475753 MW) distributed in 1 distribution iteration(s)
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop SimpleTransformerVoltageControl
          Outer loop DistributedSlack
+         Outer loop AcHvdcAcEmulation
          Outer loop VoltageMonitoring
          Outer loop ReactiveLimits
          Outer loop SimpleTransformerVoltageControl