Allow passing a pulumi provider to a cdk resource

[lukehoban]

This was asked in community slack.

I believe there is not currently. All resources are parented to the StackComponent, but that resource is constructed automatically without the end user being able to provide and parameters, including resource options.

The Stack resource that users create does accept an options parameter which is derived from ComponentResourceOptions (and thus supports passing parent and provider), but we don't ultimately pass that through into the Pulumi StackComponent resource. I expect we can and should forward this on to allow the normal inheritance of resource options down into component and it's CDK-based children.

[t0yv0]

Tangentially related: #219

[t0yv0]

CC @flostadler - we might need to revisit design options here (Resource or Stack level).