diff --git a/openfl/__version__.py b/openfl/__version__.py
index 713ad49b87a..44cb4cc1db3 100644
--- a/openfl/__version__.py
+++ b/openfl/__version__.py
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
 
 
 """openfl version information."""
+
 __version__ = "1.6"
diff --git a/openfl/component/aggregator/aggregator.py b/openfl/component/aggregator/aggregator.py
index 805193cf778..3128ef3e894 100644
--- a/openfl/component/aggregator/aggregator.py
+++ b/openfl/component/aggregator/aggregator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Aggregator module."""
+
 import queue
 import time
 from logging import getLogger
diff --git a/openfl/component/collaborator/collaborator.py b/openfl/component/collaborator/collaborator.py
index 3418afab731..b327cd91170 100644
--- a/openfl/component/collaborator/collaborator.py
+++ b/openfl/component/collaborator/collaborator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Collaborator module."""
+
 from enum import Enum
 from logging import getLogger
 from time import sleep
diff --git a/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/cutoff_time_based_straggler_handling.py b/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/cutoff_time_based_straggler_handling.py
index ca8e218f7c8..c3d11ffa4bf 100644
--- a/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/cutoff_time_based_straggler_handling.py
+++ b/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/cutoff_time_based_straggler_handling.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Cutoff time based Straggler Handling function."""
+
 import threading
 import time
 from logging import getLogger
diff --git a/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/percentage_based_straggler_handling.py b/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/percentage_based_straggler_handling.py
index e556ea291b0..099ab7e870e 100644
--- a/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/percentage_based_straggler_handling.py
+++ b/openfl/component/straggler_handling_functions/percentage_based_straggler_handling.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Percentage based Straggler Handling function."""
+
 from logging import getLogger
 
 from openfl.component.straggler_handling_functions.straggler_handling_function import (
diff --git a/openfl/cryptography/participant.py b/openfl/cryptography/participant.py
index 6e18840ff9e..f190f687142 100644
--- a/openfl/cryptography/participant.py
+++ b/openfl/cryptography/participant.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Cryptography participant utilities."""
+
 from typing import Tuple
 
 from cryptography import x509
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/aggregator/aggregator.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/aggregator/aggregator.py
index cd15b515701..4e034aa3156 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/aggregator/aggregator.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/aggregator/aggregator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Experimental Aggregator module."""
+
 import inspect
 import pickle
 import queue
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/collaborator/collaborator.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/collaborator/collaborator.py
index e753180158d..a683bbfeb72 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/collaborator/collaborator.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/component/collaborator/collaborator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Experimental Collaborator module."""
+
 import pickle
 import time
 from logging import getLogger
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/federated/plan/plan.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/federated/plan/plan.py
index 22f2e2e2cdc..6df27d8b1c7 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/federated/plan/plan.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/federated/plan/plan.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Plan module."""
+
 import inspect
 import os
 from hashlib import sha384
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/aggregator.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/aggregator.py
index 2af60af0203..2c458fa2fe8 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/aggregator.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/aggregator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Aggregator module."""
+
 import os
 import sys
 import threading
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/cli_helper.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/cli_helper.py
index d782c3b7e6a..e45b3cdd094 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/cli_helper.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/cli_helper.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Module with auxiliary CLI helper functions."""
+
 import os
 import re
 from itertools import islice
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/collaborator.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/collaborator.py
index 52f679fa233..fe0cb329401 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/collaborator.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/collaborator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Collaborator module."""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from glob import glob
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/plan.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/plan.py
index 532350aa925..9f40db67ded 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/plan.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/plan.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Plan module."""
+
 import sys
 from logging import getLogger
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/workspace.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/workspace.py
index d89d4b239d9..1d65d0dde00 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/workspace.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/cli/workspace.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Workspace module."""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from hashlib import sha256
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/participants.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/participants.py
index 618f40161de..5c9c9d594f0 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/participants.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/interface/participants.py
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def __init__(
         private_attributes_callable: Callable = None,
         num_cpus: int = 0,
         num_gpus: int = 0.0,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initializes the Collaborator object.
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ def __init__(
         private_attributes_callable: Callable = None,
         num_cpus: int = 0,
         num_gpus: int = 0.0,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initializes the Aggregator object.
 
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/protocols/interceptors.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/protocols/interceptors.py
index 3549529da69..e6a9b57b3f0 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/protocols/interceptors.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/protocols/interceptors.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """gRPC interceptors module."""
+
 import collections
 
 import grpc
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/__init__.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/__init__.py
index 991792046e1..5d13960b270 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/__init__.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/__init__.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 
-""" openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime package Runtime class."""
+"""openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime package Runtime class."""
 
 from openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime.federated_runtime import FederatedRuntime
 from openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime.local_runtime import LocalRuntime
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/federated_runtime.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/federated_runtime.py
index 885dbe261c8..9684fad4042 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/federated_runtime.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/federated_runtime.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 
-""" openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime package LocalRuntime class."""
+"""openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime package LocalRuntime class."""
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/local_runtime.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/local_runtime.py
index beb2818e7c9..7a7aa3f7a23 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/local_runtime.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/local_runtime.py
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 
-""" openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime package LocalRuntime class."""
+"""openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime package LocalRuntime class."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import gc
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/runtime.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/runtime.py
index 3cffeccafc3..317c26ede6a 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/runtime.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/runtime/runtime.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 
-""" openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime module Runtime class."""
+"""openfl.experimental.workflow.runtime module Runtime class."""
 
 from typing import Callable, List
 
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/transport/__init__.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/transport/__init__.py
index 83c441b84fe..6a8abc0d3fe 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/transport/__init__.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/transport/__init__.py
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
 
 
 """openfl.experimental.workflow.transport package."""
+
 from openfl.experimental.workflow.transport.grpc import AggregatorGRPCClient, AggregatorGRPCServer
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/metaflow_utils.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/metaflow_utils.py
index 559cbef5b32..ddb08f19050 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/metaflow_utils.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/metaflow_utils.py
@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@ def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
     def __enter__(self):
-        lock_id = hashlib.new(
-            "sha256", self.name.encode("utf8"), usedforsecurity=False
-        ).hexdigest()  # nosec
+        lock_id = hashlib.new("sha256", self.name.encode("utf8"), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()  # nosec
         # Using SHA-256 to address security warning
         self.fp = open(f"/tmp/.lock-{lock_id}.lck", "wb")
         fcntl.flock(self.fp.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_EX)
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/runtime_utils.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/runtime_utils.py
index 193941bc2e8..1aba29605a0 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/runtime_utils.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/utilities/runtime_utils.py
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def check_resource_allocation(num_gpus, each_participant_gpu_usage):
         # buffer to cycle though since need_assigned will change sizes as we
         # assign participants
         current_dict = need_assigned.copy()
-        for (participant_name, participant_gpu_usage) in current_dict.items():
+        for participant_name, participant_gpu_usage in current_dict.items():
             if gpu == 0:
                 break
             if gpu < participant_gpu_usage:
diff --git a/openfl/experimental/workflow/workspace_export/export.py b/openfl/experimental/workflow/workspace_export/export.py
index 52e5dab8f98..7df2a7684b0 100644
--- a/openfl/experimental/workflow/workspace_export/export.py
+++ b/openfl/experimental/workflow/workspace_export/export.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Workspace Builder module."""
+
 import ast
 import importlib
 import inspect
diff --git a/openfl/federated/data/loader_gandlf.py b/openfl/federated/data/loader_gandlf.py
index 648ebe2930c..0dda8e3a465 100644
--- a/openfl/federated/data/loader_gandlf.py
+++ b/openfl/federated/data/loader_gandlf.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """PyTorchDataLoader module."""
+
 from openfl.federated.data.loader import DataLoader
 
 
diff --git a/openfl/federated/plan/plan.py b/openfl/federated/plan/plan.py
index bf9fe1d57ae..34c50a4d1e6 100644
--- a/openfl/federated/plan/plan.py
+++ b/openfl/federated/plan/plan.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Plan module."""
+
 from hashlib import sha384
 from importlib import import_module
 from logging import getLogger
diff --git a/openfl/federated/task/fl_model.py b/openfl/federated/task/fl_model.py
index 110c91c5bc1..70bc537324b 100644
--- a/openfl/federated/task/fl_model.py
+++ b/openfl/federated/task/fl_model.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 """FederatedModel module."""
+
 import inspect
 
 from openfl.federated.task.runner import TaskRunner
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ def setup(self, num_collaborators, **kwargs):
                 optimizer=self.lambda_opt,
                 loss_fn=self.loss_fn,
                 data_loader=data_slice,
-                **kwargs
+                **kwargs,
             )
             for data_slice in self.data_loader.split(num_collaborators)
         ]
diff --git a/openfl/federated/task/runner_keras.py b/openfl/federated/task/runner_keras.py
index df56fd97e1f..b33b20fde57 100644
--- a/openfl/federated/task/runner_keras.py
+++ b/openfl/federated/task/runner_keras.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 You may copy this file as the starting point of your own keras model.
 """
+
 from warnings import catch_warnings, simplefilter
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/openfl/federated/task/runner_pt.py b/openfl/federated/task/runner_pt.py
index 2adfe9d5bbc..30b56a41202 100644
--- a/openfl/federated/task/runner_pt.py
+++ b/openfl/federated/task/runner_pt.py
@@ -504,8 +504,9 @@ def validate_(self, validation_dataloader: Iterator[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray
             for data, target in validation_dataloader:
                 samples = target.shape[0]
                 total_samples += samples
-                data, target = torch.tensor(data).to(self.device), torch.tensor(target).to(
-                    self.device, dtype=torch.int64
+                data, target = (
+                    torch.tensor(data).to(self.device),
+                    torch.tensor(target).to(self.device, dtype=torch.int64),
                 )
                 output = self(data)
                 # get the index of the max log-probability
diff --git a/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/core/interface.py b/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/core/interface.py
index c11fd626215..10f91ace3a8 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/core/interface.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/core/interface.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Aggregation function interface module."""
+
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from typing import Iterator, List, Tuple
 
diff --git a/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/experimental/privileged_aggregation.py b/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/experimental/privileged_aggregation.py
index 00b8bf76253..0e8beacebce 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/experimental/privileged_aggregation.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/experimental/privileged_aggregation.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Aggregation function interface module."""
+
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from typing import List, Tuple
 
diff --git a/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/fedcurv_weighted_average.py b/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/fedcurv_weighted_average.py
index ba87da9c11e..7fb0ffe992b 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/fedcurv_weighted_average.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/aggregation_functions/fedcurv_weighted_average.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """FedCurv Aggregation function module."""
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from openfl.interface.aggregation_functions.weighted_average import WeightedAverage
diff --git a/openfl/interface/aggregator.py b/openfl/interface/aggregator.py
index 60bd874ee97..80ce56e32e5 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/aggregator.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/aggregator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Aggregator module."""
+
 import sys
 from logging import getLogger
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/openfl/interface/cli.py b/openfl/interface/cli.py
index e497f47e9e0..314cfebf3ac 100755
--- a/openfl/interface/cli.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/cli.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Intel Corporation
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 """CLI module."""
+
 import logging
 import os
 import re
diff --git a/openfl/interface/cli_helper.py b/openfl/interface/cli_helper.py
index cfabe77a0b2..065dd43da37 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/cli_helper.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/cli_helper.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Module with auxiliary CLI helper functions."""
+
 import os
 import re
 from itertools import islice
diff --git a/openfl/interface/collaborator.py b/openfl/interface/collaborator.py
index 6716fe338cd..862ae4db846 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/collaborator.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/collaborator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Collaborator module."""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from glob import glob
@@ -406,8 +407,10 @@ def certify(collaborator_name, silent, request_pkg=None, import_=False):
         echo(f"The CSR Hash for file {file_name}.csr is {csr_hash}")
 
         if silent:
-            echo("Signing COLLABORATOR certificate, "
-                "Warning: manual check of certificate hashes is bypassed in silent mode.")
+            echo(
+                "Signing COLLABORATOR certificate, "
+                "Warning: manual check of certificate hashes is bypassed in silent mode."
+            )
             signed_col_cert = sign_certificate(csr, signing_key, signing_crt.subject)
             write_crt(signed_col_cert, f"{cert_name}.crt")
             register_collaborator(CERT_DIR / "client" / f"{file_name}.crt")
@@ -455,6 +458,7 @@ def certify(collaborator_name, silent, request_pkg=None, import_=False):
     else:
         _import_certificates(import_)
 
+
 def _import_certificates(archive: str):
     # Copy the signed certificate and cert chain into PKI_DIR
     previous_crts = glob(f"{CERT_DIR}/client/*.crt")
diff --git a/openfl/interface/director.py b/openfl/interface/director.py
index fb1460539e9..bd73d865c12 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/director.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/director.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Director CLI."""
+
 import logging
 import shutil
 import sys
diff --git a/openfl/interface/envoy.py b/openfl/interface/envoy.py
index 1d99061f405..4e35391bbab 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/envoy.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/envoy.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Envoy CLI."""
+
 import logging
 import shutil
 import sys
diff --git a/openfl/interface/experimental.py b/openfl/interface/experimental.py
index e2cf08aa78b..67c77073fce 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/experimental.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/experimental.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Experimental CLI."""
+
 from logging import getLogger
 from pathlib import Path
 from subprocess import check_call
diff --git a/openfl/interface/interactive_api/experiment.py b/openfl/interface/interactive_api/experiment.py
index afaad329389..111c6f12389 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/interactive_api/experiment.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/interactive_api/experiment.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Python low-level API module."""
+
 import os
 import time
 from collections import defaultdict
@@ -396,6 +397,7 @@ def define_task_assigner(self, task_keeper, rounds_to_train):  # noqa: C901
                 "because only validation tasks were given"
             )
         if is_train_task_exist and self.is_validate_task_exist:
+
             def assigner(collaborators, round_number, **kwargs):
                 tasks_by_collaborator = {}
                 for collaborator in collaborators:
@@ -405,9 +407,11 @@ def assigner(collaborators, round_number, **kwargs):
                         tasks["aggregated_model_validate"],
                     ]
                 return tasks_by_collaborator
+
             return assigner
 
         elif not is_train_task_exist and self.is_validate_task_exist:
+
             def assigner(collaborators, round_number, **kwargs):
                 tasks_by_collaborator = {}
                 for collaborator in collaborators:
@@ -415,6 +419,7 @@ def assigner(collaborators, round_number, **kwargs):
                         tasks["aggregated_model_validate"],
                     ]
                 return tasks_by_collaborator
+
             return assigner
 
         elif is_train_task_exist and not self.is_validate_task_exist:
@@ -566,9 +571,9 @@ def _prepare_plan(
         # Collaborator part
         self.plan.config["collaborator"]["settings"]["delta_updates"] = delta_updates
         self.plan.config["collaborator"]["settings"]["opt_treatment"] = opt_treatment
-        self.plan.config["collaborator"]["settings"][
-            "device_assignment_policy"
-        ] = device_assignment_policy
+        self.plan.config["collaborator"]["settings"]["device_assignment_policy"] = (
+            device_assignment_policy
+        )
 
         # DataLoader part
         for setting, value in data_loader.kwargs.items():
diff --git a/openfl/interface/model.py b/openfl/interface/model.py
index 9852124c6d5..37035818998 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/model.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/model.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Model CLI module."""
+
 from logging import getLogger
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Union
diff --git a/openfl/interface/plan.py b/openfl/interface/plan.py
index 04f5dd9da8f..93d09c02a56 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/plan.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/plan.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Plan module."""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from logging import getLogger
diff --git a/openfl/interface/tutorial.py b/openfl/interface/tutorial.py
index 2c1975f5763..e3de9ee7b06 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/tutorial.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/tutorial.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Tutorial module."""
+
 from logging import getLogger
 from os import environ, sep
 from subprocess import check_call  # nosec
diff --git a/openfl/interface/workspace.py b/openfl/interface/workspace.py
index 567a58f37d1..52129a967e0 100644
--- a/openfl/interface/workspace.py
+++ b/openfl/interface/workspace.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Workspace module."""
+
 import logging
 import os
 import shutil
diff --git a/openfl/native/fastestimator.py b/openfl/native/fastestimator.py
index b99765fabd6..a95db185d00 100644
--- a/openfl/native/fastestimator.py
+++ b/openfl/native/fastestimator.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """FederatedFastEstimator module."""
+
 import os
 from logging import getLogger
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/openfl/native/native.py b/openfl/native/native.py
index c9a44cd64f8..117058abbb6 100644
--- a/openfl/native/native.py
+++ b/openfl/native/native.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 This file defines openfl entrypoints to be used directly through python (not
 CLI)
 """
+
 import json
 import logging
 import os
diff --git a/openfl/pipelines/stc_pipeline.py b/openfl/pipelines/stc_pipeline.py
index 61e2fcf704f..4a5a9126cea 100644
--- a/openfl/pipelines/stc_pipeline.py
+++ b/openfl/pipelines/stc_pipeline.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 """STCPipelinemodule."""
+
 import copy
 import gzip as gz
 
diff --git a/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/flax_adapter.py b/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/flax_adapter.py
index 332b73a1fce..ce9399d7e8f 100644
--- a/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/flax_adapter.py
+++ b/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/flax_adapter.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Custom model DeviceArray - JAX Numpy adapter."""
+
 import jax
 import jax.numpy as jnp
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/keras_adapter.py b/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/keras_adapter.py
index 971be7840e1..a484372ad0d 100644
--- a/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/keras_adapter.py
+++ b/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/keras_adapter.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Keras Framework Adapter plugin."""
+
 from logging import getLogger
 
 from packaging import version
diff --git a/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/pytorch_adapter.py b/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/pytorch_adapter.py
index a4b33fd73f4..60a6db54f47 100644
--- a/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/pytorch_adapter.py
+++ b/openfl/plugins/frameworks_adapters/pytorch_adapter.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Pytorch Framework Adapter plugin."""
+
 from copy import deepcopy
 
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/openfl/protocols/interceptors.py b/openfl/protocols/interceptors.py
index 3549529da69..e6a9b57b3f0 100644
--- a/openfl/protocols/interceptors.py
+++ b/openfl/protocols/interceptors.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """gRPC interceptors module."""
+
 import collections
 
 import grpc
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/ca.py b/openfl/utilities/ca.py
index ddedef10160..d522d541cd8 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/ca.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/ca.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Generic check functions."""
+
 import os
 
 
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/ca/ca.py b/openfl/utilities/ca/ca.py
index acf3a50e013..e75d68c4917 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/ca/ca.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/ca/ca.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 """CA module."""
+
 import base64
 import json
 import os
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/__init__.py b/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/__init__.py
index 5322f461886..fdf28bb45d9 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/__init__.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/__init__.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """openfl.utilities.data package."""
+
 from openfl.utilities.data_splitters.data_splitter import DataSplitter
 from openfl.utilities.data_splitters.numpy import (
     DirichletNumPyDataSplitter,
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/data_splitter.py b/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/data_splitter.py
index 19333be59a2..216607eb3db 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/data_splitter.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/data_splitters/data_splitter.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """openfl.utilities.data_splitters.data_splitter module."""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from typing import Iterable, List, TypeVar
 
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/optimizers/keras/fedprox.py b/openfl/utilities/optimizers/keras/fedprox.py
index ef1634d77c2..2e87648c20d 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/optimizers/keras/fedprox.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/optimizers/keras/fedprox.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """FedProx Keras optimizer module."""
+
 import tensorflow as tf
 import tensorflow.keras as keras
 from tensorflow.python.ops import standard_ops
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/optimizers/numpy/base_optimizer.py b/openfl/utilities/optimizers/numpy/base_optimizer.py
index d748727dea2..bbbae93ce48 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/optimizers/numpy/base_optimizer.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/optimizers/numpy/base_optimizer.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """Base abstract optimizer class module."""
+
 import abc
 from importlib import import_module
 from os.path import splitext
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/optimizers/torch/__init__.py b/openfl/utilities/optimizers/torch/__init__.py
index 77e989cdd40..7b595b3d7a6 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/optimizers/torch/__init__.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/optimizers/torch/__init__.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 
 """PyTorch optimizers package."""
+
 from importlib import util
 
 if util.find_spec("torch") is not None:
diff --git a/openfl/utilities/workspace.py b/openfl/utilities/workspace.py
index e88f431625d..e19b03cf163 100644
--- a/openfl/utilities/workspace.py
+++ b/openfl/utilities/workspace.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 """Workspace utils module."""
+
 import logging
 import os
 import shutil