diff --git a/sxt/field12/base/BUILD b/sxt/field12/base/BUILD
index 0c43e6868..9bfbda896 100644
--- a/sxt/field12/base/BUILD
+++ b/sxt/field12/base/BUILD
@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ sxt_cc_component(
 sxt_cc_component(
     name = "reduce",
     impl_deps = [
-        ":constants",
-        ":subtract_p",
-        "//sxt/base/field:arithmetic_utility",
         "//sxt/base/type:narrow_cast",
     ],
     is_cuda = True,
@@ -57,6 +54,9 @@ sxt_cc_component(
         "//sxt/base/test:unit_test",
     ],
     deps = [
+        ":constants",
+        ":subtract_p",
+        "//sxt/base/field:arithmetic_utility",
         "//sxt/base/macro:cuda_callable",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/sxt/field12/base/reduce.cc b/sxt/field12/base/reduce.cc
index 15fdc5069..95e6fe2a8 100644
--- a/sxt/field12/base/reduce.cc
+++ b/sxt/field12/base/reduce.cc
@@ -25,85 +25,9 @@
  */
 #include "sxt/field12/base/reduce.h"
 
-#include "sxt/base/field/arithmetic_utility.h"
 #include "sxt/base/type/narrow_cast.h"
-#include "sxt/field12/base/constants.h"
-#include "sxt/field12/base/subtract_p.h"
 
 namespace sxt::f12b {
-//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// reduce
-//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-CUDA_CALLABLE void reduce(uint64_t h[6], const uint64_t t[12]) noexcept {
-  uint64_t tmp = 0;
-  uint64_t carry = 0;
-  uint64_t ret[12];
-
-  uint64_t k = t[0] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, t[0], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[1], carry, t[1], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, t[2], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, t[3], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, t[4], k, p_v[4]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, t[5], k, p_v[5]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[6], ret[7], t[6], 0, carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[1] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[1], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, ret[2], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[4]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[5]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[7], ret[8], t[7], ret[7], carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[2] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[2], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[4]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[5]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[8], ret[9], t[8], ret[8], carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[3] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[3], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[4]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[8], carry, ret[8], k, p_v[5]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[9], ret[10], t[9], ret[9], carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[4] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[4], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[8], carry, ret[8], k, p_v[4]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[9], carry, ret[9], k, p_v[5]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[10], ret[11], t[10], ret[10], carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[5] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[5], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[8], carry, ret[8], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[9], carry, ret[9], k, p_v[4]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[10], carry, ret[10], k, p_v[5]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[11], tmp, t[11], ret[11], carry);
-
-  // Attempt to subtract the modulus,
-  // to ensure the value is smaller than the modulus.
-  uint64_t a[6] = {ret[6], ret[7], ret[8], ret[9], ret[10], ret[11]};
-  subtract_p(h, a);
-}
-
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // is_below_modulus
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/sxt/field12/base/reduce.h b/sxt/field12/base/reduce.h
index 60c62b11f..8f60a0944 100644
--- a/sxt/field12/base/reduce.h
+++ b/sxt/field12/base/reduce.h
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include "sxt/base/field/arithmetic_utility.h"
 #include "sxt/base/macro/cuda_callable.h"
+#include "sxt/field12/base/constants.h"
+#include "sxt/field12/base/subtract_p.h"
 
 namespace sxt::f12b {
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -38,7 +41,75 @@ namespace sxt::f12b {
  * Handbook of Applied Cryptography
  * <http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap14.pdf>.
  */
-CUDA_CALLABLE void reduce(uint64_t h[6], const uint64_t t[12]) noexcept;
+CUDA_CALLABLE inline void reduce(uint64_t h[6], const uint64_t t[12]) noexcept {
+  uint64_t tmp = 0;
+  uint64_t carry = 0;
+  uint64_t ret[12];
+
+  uint64_t k = t[0] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, t[0], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[1], carry, t[1], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, t[2], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, t[3], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, t[4], k, p_v[4]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, t[5], k, p_v[5]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[6], ret[7], t[6], 0, carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[1] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[1], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, ret[2], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[4]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[5]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[7], ret[8], t[7], ret[7], carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[2] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[2], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[4]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[5]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[8], ret[9], t[8], ret[8], carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[3] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[3], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[4]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[8], carry, ret[8], k, p_v[5]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[9], ret[10], t[9], ret[9], carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[4] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[4], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[8], carry, ret[8], k, p_v[4]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[9], carry, ret[9], k, p_v[5]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[10], ret[11], t[10], ret[10], carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[5] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[5], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[7], carry, ret[7], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[8], carry, ret[8], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[9], carry, ret[9], k, p_v[4]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[10], carry, ret[10], k, p_v[5]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[11], tmp, t[11], ret[11], carry);
+
+  // Attempt to subtract the modulus,
+  // to ensure the value is smaller than the modulus.
+  uint64_t a[6] = {ret[6], ret[7], ret[8], ret[9], ret[10], ret[11]};
+  subtract_p(h, a);
+}
 
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // is_below_modulus
diff --git a/sxt/field25/base/BUILD b/sxt/field25/base/BUILD
index 0c43e6868..9bfbda896 100644
--- a/sxt/field25/base/BUILD
+++ b/sxt/field25/base/BUILD
@@ -46,9 +46,6 @@ sxt_cc_component(
 sxt_cc_component(
     name = "reduce",
     impl_deps = [
-        ":constants",
-        ":subtract_p",
-        "//sxt/base/field:arithmetic_utility",
         "//sxt/base/type:narrow_cast",
     ],
     is_cuda = True,
@@ -57,6 +54,9 @@ sxt_cc_component(
         "//sxt/base/test:unit_test",
     ],
     deps = [
+        ":constants",
+        ":subtract_p",
+        "//sxt/base/field:arithmetic_utility",
         "//sxt/base/macro:cuda_callable",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/sxt/field25/base/reduce.cc b/sxt/field25/base/reduce.cc
index 31a491e8a..719a8cd14 100644
--- a/sxt/field25/base/reduce.cc
+++ b/sxt/field25/base/reduce.cc
@@ -25,57 +25,9 @@
  */
 #include "sxt/field25/base/reduce.h"
 
-#include "sxt/base/field/arithmetic_utility.h"
 #include "sxt/base/type/narrow_cast.h"
-#include "sxt/field25/base/constants.h"
-#include "sxt/field25/base/subtract_p.h"
 
 namespace sxt::f25b {
-//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// reduce
-//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-CUDA_CALLABLE void reduce(uint64_t h[4], const uint64_t t[8]) noexcept {
-  uint64_t tmp = 0;
-  uint64_t carry = 0;
-  uint64_t ret[8];
-
-  uint64_t k = t[0] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, t[0], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[1], carry, t[1], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, t[2], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, t[3], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[4], ret[5], t[4], 0, carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[1] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[1], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, ret[2], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[5], ret[6], t[5], ret[5], carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[2] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[2], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[6], ret[7], t[6], ret[6], carry);
-
-  carry = 0;
-  k = ret[3] * inv_v;
-  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[3], k, p_v[0]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[1]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[2]);
-  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[3]);
-  basfld::adc(ret[7], tmp, t[7], ret[7], carry);
-
-  // Attempt to subtract the modulus,
-  // to ensure the value is smaller than the modulus.
-  uint64_t a[4] = {ret[4], ret[5], ret[6], ret[7]};
-  subtract_p(h, a);
-}
-
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // is_below_modulus
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/sxt/field25/base/reduce.h b/sxt/field25/base/reduce.h
index dd55d56bb..a36b229cb 100644
--- a/sxt/field25/base/reduce.h
+++ b/sxt/field25/base/reduce.h
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include "sxt/base/field/arithmetic_utility.h"
 #include "sxt/base/macro/cuda_callable.h"
+#include "sxt/field25/base/constants.h"
+#include "sxt/field25/base/subtract_p.h"
 
 namespace sxt::f25b {
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -38,7 +41,47 @@ namespace sxt::f25b {
  * Handbook of Applied Cryptography
  * <http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap14.pdf>.
  */
-CUDA_CALLABLE void reduce(uint64_t h[4], const uint64_t t[8]) noexcept;
+CUDA_CALLABLE inline void reduce(uint64_t h[4], const uint64_t t[8]) noexcept {
+  uint64_t tmp = 0;
+  uint64_t carry = 0;
+  uint64_t ret[8];
+
+  uint64_t k = t[0] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, t[0], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[1], carry, t[1], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, t[2], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, t[3], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[4], ret[5], t[4], 0, carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[1] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[1], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[2], carry, ret[2], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[5], ret[6], t[5], ret[5], carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[2] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[2], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[3], carry, ret[3], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[6], ret[7], t[6], ret[6], carry);
+
+  carry = 0;
+  k = ret[3] * inv_v;
+  basfld::mac(tmp, carry, ret[3], k, p_v[0]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[4], carry, ret[4], k, p_v[1]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[5], carry, ret[5], k, p_v[2]);
+  basfld::mac(ret[6], carry, ret[6], k, p_v[3]);
+  basfld::adc(ret[7], tmp, t[7], ret[7], carry);
+
+  // Attempt to subtract the modulus,
+  // to ensure the value is smaller than the modulus.
+  uint64_t a[4] = {ret[4], ret[5], ret[6], ret[7]};
+  subtract_p(h, a);
+}
 
 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // is_below_modulus