-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathindex.html
544 lines (478 loc) · 15.8 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>AirCommit</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<style>
body {
font-family: var(--vscode-markdown-font-family, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe WPC", "Segoe UI", "Ubuntu", "Droid Sans", sans-serif);
font-size: var(--vscode-markdown-font-size, 14px);
padding: 0 26px;
line-height: var(--vscode-markdown-line-height, 22px);
word-wrap: break-word;
}
#code-csp-warning {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
right: 0;
color: white;
margin: 16px;
text-align: center;
font-size: 12px;
font-family: sans-serif;
background-color:#444444;
cursor: pointer;
padding: 6px;
box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25);
}
#code-csp-warning:hover {
text-decoration: none;
background-color:#007acc;
box-shadow: 2px 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.25);
}
body.scrollBeyondLastLine {
margin-bottom: calc(100vh - 22px);
}
body.showEditorSelection .code-line {
position: relative;
}
body.showEditorSelection .code-active-line:before,
body.showEditorSelection .code-line:hover:before {
content: "";
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: -12px;
height: 100%;
}
body.showEditorSelection li.code-active-line:before,
body.showEditorSelection li.code-line:hover:before {
left: -30px;
}
.vscode-light.showEditorSelection .code-active-line:before {
border-left: 3px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.vscode-light.showEditorSelection .code-line:hover:before {
border-left: 3px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.40);
}
.vscode-light.showEditorSelection .code-line .code-line:hover:before {
border-left: none;
}
.vscode-dark.showEditorSelection .code-active-line:before {
border-left: 3px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
}
.vscode-dark.showEditorSelection .code-line:hover:before {
border-left: 3px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.60);
}
.vscode-dark.showEditorSelection .code-line .code-line:hover:before {
border-left: none;
}
.vscode-high-contrast.showEditorSelection .code-active-line:before {
border-left: 3px solid rgba(255, 160, 0, 0.7);
}
.vscode-high-contrast.showEditorSelection .code-line:hover:before {
border-left: 3px solid rgba(255, 160, 0, 1);
}
.vscode-high-contrast.showEditorSelection .code-line .code-line:hover:before {
border-left: none;
}
img {
max-width: 100%;
max-height: 100%;
}
a {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:focus,
input:focus,
select:focus,
textarea:focus {
outline: 1px solid -webkit-focus-ring-color;
outline-offset: -1px;
}
hr {
border: 0;
height: 2px;
border-bottom: 2px solid;
}
h1 {
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
line-height: 1.2;
border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-style: solid;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
font-weight: normal;
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table > thead > tr > th {
text-align: left;
border-bottom: 1px solid;
}
table > thead > tr > th,
table > thead > tr > td,
table > tbody > tr > th,
table > tbody > tr > td {
padding: 5px 10px;
}
table > tbody > tr + tr > td {
border-top: 1px solid;
}
blockquote {
margin: 0 7px 0 5px;
padding: 0 16px 0 10px;
border-left-width: 5px;
border-left-style: solid;
}
code {
font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Droid Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, "Droid Sans Fallback";
font-size: 1em;
line-height: 1.357em;
}
body.wordWrap pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
pre:not(.hljs),
pre.hljs code > div {
padding: 16px;
border-radius: 3px;
overflow: auto;
}
pre code {
color: var(--vscode-editor-foreground);
tab-size: 4;
}
/** Theming */
.vscode-light pre {
background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.4);
}
.vscode-dark pre {
background-color: rgba(10, 10, 10, 0.4);
}
.vscode-high-contrast pre {
background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
}
.vscode-high-contrast h1 {
border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
}
.vscode-light table > thead > tr > th {
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.69);
}
.vscode-dark table > thead > tr > th {
border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.69);
}
.vscode-light h1,
.vscode-light hr,
.vscode-light table > tbody > tr + tr > td {
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);
}
.vscode-dark h1,
.vscode-dark hr,
.vscode-dark table > tbody > tr + tr > td {
border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.18);
}
</style>
<style>
/* Tomorrow Theme */
/* http://jmblog.github.com/color-themes-for-google-code-highlightjs */
/* Original theme - https://github.com/chriskempson/tomorrow-theme */
/* Tomorrow Comment */
.hljs-comment,
.hljs-quote {
color: #8e908c;
}
/* Tomorrow Red */
.hljs-variable,
.hljs-template-variable,
.hljs-tag,
.hljs-name,
.hljs-selector-id,
.hljs-selector-class,
.hljs-regexp,
.hljs-deletion {
color: #c82829;
}
/* Tomorrow Orange */
.hljs-number,
.hljs-built_in,
.hljs-builtin-name,
.hljs-literal,
.hljs-type,
.hljs-params,
.hljs-meta,
.hljs-link {
color: #f5871f;
}
/* Tomorrow Yellow */
.hljs-attribute {
color: #eab700;
}
/* Tomorrow Green */
.hljs-string,
.hljs-symbol,
.hljs-bullet,
.hljs-addition {
color: #718c00;
}
/* Tomorrow Blue */
.hljs-title,
.hljs-section {
color: #4271ae;
}
/* Tomorrow Purple */
.hljs-keyword,
.hljs-selector-tag {
color: #8959a8;
}
.hljs {
display: block;
overflow-x: auto;
color: #4d4d4c;
padding: 0.5em;
}
.hljs-emphasis {
font-style: italic;
}
.hljs-strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
</style>
<style>
/*
* Markdown PDF CSS
*/
body {
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe WPC", "Segoe UI", "Ubuntu", "Droid Sans", sans-serif, "Meiryo";
padding: 0 12px;
}
pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
border-radius: 3px;
overflow-x: auto;
white-space: pre-wrap;
overflow-wrap: break-word;
}
pre:not(.hljs) {
padding: 23px;
line-height: 19px;
}
blockquote {
background: rgba(127, 127, 127, 0.1);
border-color: rgba(0, 122, 204, 0.5);
}
.emoji {
height: 1.4em;
}
code {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 19px;
}
/* for inline code */
:not(pre):not(.hljs) > code {
color: #C9AE75; /* Change the old color so it seems less like an error */
font-size: inherit;
}
/* Page Break : use <div class="page"/> to insert page break
-------------------------------------------------------- */
.page {
page-break-after: always;
}
</style>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/mermaid/dist/mermaid.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<script>
mermaid.initialize({
startOnLoad: true,
theme: document.body.classList.contains('vscode-dark') || document.body.classList.contains('vscode-high-contrast')
? 'dark'
: 'default'
});
</script>
<h1 id="aircommit-verifiable-data-transmission-protocol-for-offline-environments"><strong>AirCommit: Verifiable Data Transmission Protocol for Offline Environments</strong></h1>
<h2 id="abstract"><strong>Abstract</strong></h2>
<p>AirCommit is a protocol designed to provide secure, portable, and verifiable data transmission for devices that must remain offline. Initially developed for updates (git commits), it has evolved into a comprehensive data transmission solution. The protocol uses digital signatures, encoding techniques, and offline data transmission methods to ensure data integrity and reliability. <strong>This enables data transmission via QR codes, sound waves, and other offline methods without requiring any connection</strong>.</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="1-introduction"><strong>1. Introduction</strong></h2>
<p>Modern data transmission methods often rely on internet connectivity. Even when a direct internet connection is not required, the sender and offline device must still establish a link, which introduces security risks for sensitive devices. Data transmission to offline devices, especially in security-critical systems (such as Bitcoin cold wallets), must be both verifiable and portable.</p>
<p>AirCommit is developed to enable secure data transmission to offline devices. The protocol simplifies the transport and verification of data for offline environments.</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="2-objectives-of-the-protocol"><strong>2. Objectives of the Protocol</strong></h2>
<h3 id="21-data-security"><strong>2.1. Data Security</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Ensuring data integrity and preventing unauthorized modifications.</li>
<li>Verifying the sender's identity through digital signatures.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="22-offline-portability"><strong>2.2. Offline Portability</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Enabling data transmission without requiring an online/offline connection between devices.</li>
<li>Supporting QR codes, sound waves, and physical transport methods.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="23-general-applicability"><strong>2.3. General Applicability</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Allowing devices that must remain offline to receive data without connecting to internet-enabled devices.</li>
<li>Providing flexibility to work with any type of data.</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="3-technical-details"><strong>3. Technical Details</strong></h2>
<h3 id="31-elliptic-curve-cryptography-ecc"><strong>3.1. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)</strong></h3>
<p>AirCommit leverages <strong>Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)</strong> to provide a secure mechanism for key generation and digital signatures.</p>
<h4 id="311-ecdsa-secp256k1"><strong>3.1.1. ECDSA (secp256k1)</strong></h4>
<p>AirCommit uses the <strong>secp256k1</strong> elliptic curve, which is widely used in secure systems like Bitcoin due to its high speed and robust security.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Private Key:</strong><br>
A randomly generated 256-bit value used to sign files.<br>
Format: <code>acsec1...</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Public Key:</strong><br>
A 512-bit key (consisting of X and Y coordinates) derived from the private key and used to verify signatures.<br>
Format: <code>acpub1...</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="32-data-signing-and-verification"><strong>3.2. Data Signing and Verification</strong></h3>
<p>AirCommit ensures secure data transmissions through digital signatures. The signing process follows these steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Preparing the File:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The file to be transmitted is encoded in Base64 format.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Signing:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The encoded file is signed using the private key.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Verification:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The recipient verifies the signature using the public key to confirm that the file has not been altered.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Mnemonic Verification (Optional):</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The AC code can be hashed using SHA-256 to generate mnemonic words, which can be used in the verification process.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h3 id="33-data-encoding"><strong>3.3. Data Encoding</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Bech32:</strong><br>
Keys and signatures are stored in Bech32 format.<br>
Example: <code>acsec1qxyz...</code> or <code>acpub1rxyz...</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Base64:</strong><br>
File content is encoded in Base64 to make it portable.<br>
Example: <code>MTIzNDU2Nzg5L2Jhc2U2NA==</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h3 id="34-ac-code-format"><strong>3.4. AC Code Format</strong></h3>
<p>AirCommit uses the <strong>ac</strong> format to combine all data and signatures into a single line. The file to be transmitted is encoded in Base64 and merged with the digital signature.</p>
<p><strong>Format:</strong></p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>ac{Base64_encoded_data}{acsig1...}
</div></code></pre>
<p><strong>Example QR Encoding:</strong></p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>acU2FtcGxlIGRhdGEgdG8gYmUgc2lnbmVkIHdpdGggQUlSQ09NTUlUacsig1qw8v0...
</div></code></pre>
<hr>
<h3 id="35-qr-code-formatting"><strong>3.5. QR Code Formatting</strong></h3>
<p>Large files are split into multiple QR codes for transmission. The QR codes are formatted as follows:</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>{part_number}P{total_parts}QR: {Base64_encoded_ac}
</div></code></pre>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>1P5QR: U29tZSBzYW1wbGUgZGF0YS4uLg==
2P5QR: Q29udGludWVkIGRhdGEuLg==
</div></code></pre>
<p>This structure ensures the correct sequential scanning of QR codes and detects missing parts.</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="36-audio-formatting"><strong>3.6. Audio Formatting</strong></h3>
<p>Data files can be transmitted using audio signals by converting their content into Base64 format and representing each character as a unique frequency.</p>
<p>The encoded Base64 string <code>{Base64_encoded_ac}</code> is processed as follows:</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>
<p><strong>Frequency Mapping:</strong><br>
Each character in <code>{Base64_encoded_ac}</code> is assigned a specific frequency:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Character Set:</strong> <code>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/=</code></li>
<li><strong>Starting Frequency:</strong> 300 Hz</li>
<li><strong>Frequency Step:</strong> 50 Hz per character</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Audio Generation:</strong><br>
A sine wave tone is generated for each character in <code>{Base64_encoded_ac}</code> using the formula:</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>amplitude * sin(2 * π * frequency * time)
</div></code></pre>
<p>The tones are concatenated to form a continuous audio waveform.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Playback and Transmission:</strong><br>
The generated audio signal is played for transmission or stored for further use.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Example Audio Encoding:</strong></p>
<p>Given the Base64 encoded string:</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>U29tZSBzYW1wbGUgZGF0YS4uLg==
</div></code></pre>
<p>The corresponding audio signal will represent each character with its mapped frequency and be played sequentially.</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="37-light-formatting"><strong>3.7. Light Formatting</strong></h3>
<p>Data can also be transmitted using light signals, with each binary digit (bit) represented by a distinct visual indicator. The process involves encoding the binary data into a sequence of visual frames.</p>
<h4 id="frame-structure"><strong>Frame Structure</strong></h4>
<p>Each binary digit (<code>0</code> or <code>1</code>) is visually represented as a square of a specific color:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>0:</strong> Black</li>
<li><strong>1:</strong> White</li>
</ul>
<p>The sequence of squares forms an animation that can be visually transmitted and decoded.</p>
<h4 id="encoding-process"><strong>Encoding Process</strong></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Binary Conversion:</strong><br>
The file content is converted into binary format. Each character in the file is represented using an 8-bit binary sequence.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Frame Creation:</strong><br>
Each binary digit is translated into a visual frame:</p>
<ul>
<li>A black square for <code>0</code></li>
<li>A white square for <code>1</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Frame Dimensions:</strong><br>
Each square has fixed dimensions (e.g., 20x20 pixels) to ensure uniformity in the animation.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Animation Assembly:</strong><br>
The sequence of frames is compiled into a GIF or video for playback. Each frame is displayed for a short duration (e.g., 100 ms) to ensure clear visibility.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="example-light-encoding"><strong>Example Light Encoding:</strong></h4>
<p>Given the text:</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>AC
</div></code></pre>
<p>The binary representation is:</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code><div>01000001 01000011
</div></code></pre>
<hr>
<h2 id="4-conclusion"><strong>4. Conclusion</strong></h2>
<p>AirCommit provides a secure and verifiable way to transmit data to devices that do not need internet connectivity. Using digital signatures and various offline transmission methods, it ensures data integrity and safe delivery in critical environments.</p>
<p><em>Written by untreu (Emir Yorulmaz), <a href="https://github.com/untreu2/aircommit">GitHub Repository</a></em></p>
<p><em>Date: 2025-01-26</em></p>
</body>
</html>