diff --git a/images/fhe/fhe.txt b/images/fhe/fhe.txt index ce482ce5..2426aeec 100644 --- a/images/fhe/fhe.txt +++ b/images/fhe/fhe.txt @@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ Fully homomorphic encryption has for a long time been considered one of the holy grails of cryptography. The promise of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is simple: it is a type of encryption that allows a third party to perform computations on encrypted data, and get an encrypted result, _without_ being able to decrypt the data or the result.
-
+
As a simple example, imagine that you have a set of emails, and you want to use a third party spam filter to check whether or not they are spam. Either the spam filter provider wants to keep their source code closed, or the spam filter depends on a very large database that they do not want to reveal publicly as that would make attacking easier, or both. However, you care about the privacy of your data, and don't want to upload your emails to a third party. So here's how you do it:
-
+
Fully homomorphic encryption has many applications, including in the blockchain space where it can be used to implement privacy-preserving light clients (the light client hands the server an encrypted index `i`, the server computes `data[0] * (i = 0) + data[1] * (i = 1) + ... + data[n] * (i = n)`, where `data[i]` is the i'th piece of data in a block or state along with its Merkle branch and `(i = k)` is an expression that returns 1 if `i = k` and otherwise 0, and returns the output; the light client gets the data it needs and the server learns nothing about what the light client asked). @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ This was simply a matter of expanding the product, and grouping together all the But there are two problems here: first, the size of the ciphertext itself grows (the length roughly doubles when you multiply), and second, the "noise" in the smaller $* 2$ term also gets quadratically bigger. Adding this noise into the ciphertexts was necessary because the security of this scheme is based on the [approximate GCD problem](https://oeis.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor#Approximate_GCD_problem):
-
+
Essentially, if you just had a set of expressions of the form $p * R_1 + m_1$, $p * R_2 + m_2$..., then you could use the [Euclidean algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm) to efficiently compute the greatest common divisor, which would give you the secret key $p$ and break the encryption, but if the ciphertexts are only _approximate_ multiples with some noise, then doing this quickly becomes impractical. Unfortunately, the noise introduces the inherent limitation that if you multiply the ciphertexts by each other enough, it eventually grows big enough that it exceeds $p$, and at that point the $mod\ p$ and $mod\ 2$ steps "interfere" with each other, making the data unextractable. This will be an inherent tradeoff in all of these homomorphic encryption schemes: extracting information from _approximate_ equations "with errors" is much harder than extracting information from exact equations, but the approximateness adds noise that bounds the amount of computation that you can do before the noise gets overwhelming. And **this is why these schemes are only "somewhat" homomorphic**. @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ In this example the dot product is `3 * 2 + 14 * 71 + 15 * 82 + 92 * 81 + 65 * 8 The security of the scheme is based on an assumption known as "[learning with errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_with_errors)" (LWE) - or, in more jargony but also more understandable terms, the hardness of _solving systems of equations with errors_.
-
+
A ciphertext can itself be viewed as an equation: $k_1c_1 + .... + k_nc_n \approx 0$, where the key $k_1 ... k_n$ is the unknowns, the ciphertext $c_1 ... c_n$ is the coefficients, and the equality is approximate because of both the message and the error. The LWE assumption ensures that even given many of these ciphertexts, you cannot recover $k$. diff --git a/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt b/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt index ce482ce5..2426aeec 100644 --- a/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt +++ b/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt @@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ Fully homomorphic encryption has for a long time been considered one of the holy grails of cryptography. The promise of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is simple: it is a type of encryption that allows a third party to perform computations on encrypted data, and get an encrypted result, _without_ being able to decrypt the data or the result.
-
+
As a simple example, imagine that you have a set of emails, and you want to use a third party spam filter to check whether or not they are spam. Either the spam filter provider wants to keep their source code closed, or the spam filter depends on a very large database that they do not want to reveal publicly as that would make attacking easier, or both. However, you care about the privacy of your data, and don't want to upload your emails to a third party. So here's how you do it:
-
+
Fully homomorphic encryption has many applications, including in the blockchain space where it can be used to implement privacy-preserving light clients (the light client hands the server an encrypted index `i`, the server computes `data[0] * (i = 0) + data[1] * (i = 1) + ... + data[n] * (i = n)`, where `data[i]` is the i'th piece of data in a block or state along with its Merkle branch and `(i = k)` is an expression that returns 1 if `i = k` and otherwise 0, and returns the output; the light client gets the data it needs and the server learns nothing about what the light client asked). @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ This was simply a matter of expanding the product, and grouping together all the But there are two problems here: first, the size of the ciphertext itself grows (the length roughly doubles when you multiply), and second, the "noise" in the smaller $* 2$ term also gets quadratically bigger. Adding this noise into the ciphertexts was necessary because the security of this scheme is based on the [approximate GCD problem](https://oeis.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor#Approximate_GCD_problem):
-
+
Essentially, if you just had a set of expressions of the form $p * R_1 + m_1$, $p * R_2 + m_2$..., then you could use the [Euclidean algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm) to efficiently compute the greatest common divisor, which would give you the secret key $p$ and break the encryption, but if the ciphertexts are only _approximate_ multiples with some noise, then doing this quickly becomes impractical. Unfortunately, the noise introduces the inherent limitation that if you multiply the ciphertexts by each other enough, it eventually grows big enough that it exceeds $p$, and at that point the $mod\ p$ and $mod\ 2$ steps "interfere" with each other, making the data unextractable. This will be an inherent tradeoff in all of these homomorphic encryption schemes: extracting information from _approximate_ equations "with errors" is much harder than extracting information from exact equations, but the approximateness adds noise that bounds the amount of computation that you can do before the noise gets overwhelming. And **this is why these schemes are only "somewhat" homomorphic**. @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ In this example the dot product is `3 * 2 + 14 * 71 + 15 * 82 + 92 * 81 + 65 * 8 The security of the scheme is based on an assumption known as "[learning with errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_with_errors)" (LWE) - or, in more jargony but also more understandable terms, the hardness of _solving systems of equations with errors_.
-
+
A ciphertext can itself be viewed as an equation: $k_1c_1 + .... + k_nc_n \approx 0$, where the key $k_1 ... k_n$ is the unknowns, the ciphertext $c_1 ... c_n$ is the coefficients, and the equality is approximate because of both the message and the error. The LWE assumption ensures that even given many of these ciphertexts, you cannot recover $k$. diff --git a/posts/bullveto.md b/posts/bullveto.md index f8c39714..b952b1a0 100644 --- a/posts/bullveto.md +++ b/posts/bullveto.md @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Typically, attempts to collapse down political preferences into a few dimensions -There have been many variations on this, and even an entire [subreddit dedicated to memes](https://www.reddit.com/r/politicalcompassmemes) based on these charts. I even made a spin on the concept myself, with [this "meta-political compass"](https://vitalik.ca/files/misc_files/meta_political_compass_expanded.png) where at each point on the compass there is a smaller compass depicting what the people at that point on the compass see the axes of the compass as being. +There have been many variations on this, and even an entire [subreddit dedicated to memes](https://www.reddit.com/r/politicalcompassmemes) based on these charts. I even made a spin on the concept myself, with [this "meta-political compass"](https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/meta_political_compass_expanded.png) where at each point on the compass there is a smaller compass depicting what the people at that point on the compass see the axes of the compass as being. Of course, "authoritarian vs libertarian" and "left vs right" are both incredibly un-nuanced gross oversimplifications. But us puny-brained human beings do not have the capacity to run anything close to accurate simulations of humanity inside our heads, and so sometimes incredibly un-nuanced gross oversimplifications are [something we need](https://kieranhealy.org/publications/fuck-nuance/) to understand the world. But what if there are other incredibly un-nuanced gross oversimplifications worth exploring? diff --git a/posts/institutions.md b/posts/institutions.md index 71345d6e..8d03c5eb 100644 --- a/posts/institutions.md +++ b/posts/institutions.md @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ I went through the list and personally graded the 35 maybe-institutions from my * **75% on "intentional structure"** (Tesla definitely has a deep structure with shareholders, directors, management, etc, but that structure isn't really part of its _identity_ in the way that, say, proof of stake consensus is for Ethereum or voting and congress are for a government) * **50% for "roles independent of individuals"** (while roles in companies are generally interchangeable, Tesla does get large gains from being part of the Elon-verse specifically) -The full data is [here](https://vitalik.ca/files/misc_files/institution_analysis.ods). I know that many people will have many disagreements over various individual rankings I make, and readers could probably convince me that a few of my scores are wrong; I am mainly hoping that I've included a sufficient number of diverse maybe-instiutions in the list that individual disagreement or errors get roughly averaged out. +The full data is [here](https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/institution_analysis.ods). I know that many people will have many disagreements over various individual rankings I make, and readers could probably convince me that a few of my scores are wrong; I am mainly hoping that I've included a sufficient number of diverse maybe-instiutions in the list that individual disagreement or errors get roughly averaged out. Here's the table of correlations: diff --git a/posts/legitimacy_ES.md b/posts/legitimacy_ES.md index fbc9f9be..a528bbae 100644 --- a/posts/legitimacy_ES.md +++ b/posts/legitimacy_ES.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ _Un agradecimiento especial a Karl Floersch, Aya Miyaguchi, Mr Silly por sus ide Los ecosistemas de cadenas de bloques Bitcoin y Ethereum gastan más en seguridad de la red - objetivo de la minería por prueba de trabajo (POW) - que en todo lo demás combinado. La cadena de bloques Bitcoin ha pagado un promedio de alrededor _de $38 millones al día_ en recompensas a los mineros desde el comienzo del año, más [alrededor de $5 millones en tarifas de transacción diario](https://ycharts.com/indicators/bitcoin_total_transaction_fees_per_day). La cadena de bloques Ethereum ocupa el segundo lugar, con $19.5 millones al día en recompensas en bloque más [$18 millones en tarifas de transacción diario](https://etherscan.io/chart/transactionfee). Mientras tanto, el presupuesto anual de la Fundación Ethereum, que paga la investigación, el desarrollo de protocolos, las subvenciones y todo tipo de otros gastos, es de apenas 30 millones de dólares _al año_. También existen fondos que no provienen de la Fundación Ethereum, pero a lo sumo son un poco más grandes. Es probable que los gastos del ecosistema de Bitcoin en I+D sean incluso menores. La I+D del ecosistema Bitcoin está financiada en gran parte por empresas (con un total de 250 millones de dólares recaudados hasta ahora [según esta página](https://www.crunchbase.com/hub/bitcoin-companies-seed-funding)), y [este informe](https://blog.bitmex.com/who-funds-bitcoin-development/) sugiere unos 57 empleados; asumiendo salarios bastante altos y muchos desarrolladores pagados que no se cuentan, eso equivale a unos 20 millones de dólares al año.
-

+

Claramente, este patrón de gastos _es una mala asignación masiva de recursos_. El último 20% de la potencia de hash de la red proporciona mucho menos valor al ecosistema que lo que tendrían esos mismos recursos si se hubieran dedicado a la investigación y al desarrollo del protocolo central. Entonces, ¿por qué no ... recortar el presupuesto de PoW en un 20% y redirigir los fondos a esas otras cosas en su lugar? @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Vale la pena comprender la poderosa fuerza social que está creando este efecto. Para comprender mejor la fuerza a la que nos dirigimos, otro ejemplo importante es la saga épica de Steem y [Hive](https://hive.io/). A principios de 2020, [Justin Sun](https://www.theverge.com/21459906/bittorrent-tron-acquisition-justin-sun-us-china) compró [Steem-the-company](https://www.coindesk.com/justin-sun-bought-steemit-steem-moved-to-limit-his-power), que no es lo mismo que Steem-the-blockchain, pero poseía aproximadamente el 20% del suministro de tokens STEEM. La comunidad, naturalmente, no confió en Justin Sun. Así que hicieron una votación en cadena para formalizar lo que consideraban un "acuerdo de caballeros", acordando que las monedas de Steem-the-company se mantenían en fideicomiso por el bien común de Steem-the-blockchain y no deberían usarse para votar. Con la ayuda de las monedas en poder de los intercambios, Justin Sun hizo un contraataque y ganó el control de suficientes delegados para controlar unilateralmente la cadena. La comunidad no vio más opciones dentro del protocolo. Entonces, en su lugar, hicieron una bifurcación de Steem-the-blockchain, llamada Hive, y copiaron todos los saldos de tokens de STEEM, excepto aquellos, incluido el de Justin Sun, que participaron en el ataque.
-
+


Y consiguieron muchas aplicaciones a bordo. Si no hubieran logrado esto, muchos más usuarios se habrían quedado en Steem o se habrían mudado a un proyecto diferente por completo.


@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ _Ver también: mi anterior [publicación sobre la gobernanza de blockchain](../. Para comprender el funcionamiento de la legitimidad, necesitamos profundizar en alguna teoría de juegos.Hay muchas situaciones en la vida que exigen un **comportamiento coordinado**: si actúa de cierta manera solo, es probable que no llegue a ninguna parte (o algo peor), pero si todos actúan juntos, se puede lograr el resultado deseado.

- +

Un juego de coordinación abstracto. Usted se beneficia enormemente de hacer el mismo movimiento que todos los demás.

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Ahora, estamos listos para definir la legitimidad. La legitimidad es un fenómeno que surge de forma natural en los juegos de coordinación. Si usted no está en un juego de coordinación, no hay razón para actuar de acuerdo con sus expectativas de cómo actuarán otras personas, por lo que la legitimidad no es importante. Pero, como hemos visto, los juegos de coordinación están en todas partes en la sociedad, por lo que la legitimidad resulta ser bastante importante. En casi cualquier entorno con juegos de coordinación que exista durante bastante tiempo, inevitablemente surgen algunos mecanismos que pueden elegir qué decisión tomar. Estos mecanismos están impulsados por una cultura establecida de que todos prestan atención a estos mecanismos y (generalmente) hacen lo que dicen. Cada persona razona que debido a que _todos los demás_ siguen estos mecanismos, si hacen algo diferente, solo crearán conflicto y sufrirán, o al menos se quedarán solos en un ecosistema bifurcado y solitario. Si un mecanismo tiene la capacidad de tomar estas decisiones con éxito, entonces ese mecanismo tiene legitimidad.

- +

Un general bizantino reuniendo a sus tropas hacia adelante. El propósito de esto no es solo hacer que los soldados se sientan valientes y emocionados, sino también asegurarles que todos los demás se sienten valientes y emocionados y también cargarán hacia adelante, por lo que un soldado individual no solo se está suicidando al cargar solo hacia adelante.

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ Hay dos formas de responder a este hecho. La primera forma es enorgullecerse de

- - + +

@@ -117,14 +117,14 @@ Esta es también una concepción de legitimidad: cualquier proyecto que haga la Los ecosistemas blockchain, incluido Ethereum, valoran la libertad y la descentralización. Pero, lamentablemente, la ecología de bienes públicos de la mayoría de estas cadenas de bloques sigue estando bastante impulsada por la autoridad y centralización: ya sea Ethereum, Zcash o cualquier otra cadena de bloques importante, normalmente hay una (o como máximo 2-3) entidades que gastan mucho más que todos. de lo contrario, dar pocas opciones a los equipos independientes que quieran construir bienes públicos. A este modelo de financiación de bienes públicos lo llamo "Coordinadores centrales de capital para bienes públicos" (CCCP). -


+


**Este estado de cosas no es culpa de las propias organizaciones, que normalmente hacen todo lo posible con valentía para apoyar el ecosistema. Más bien, son las reglas del ecosistema las que están siendo _injustas con esa organización_, porque mantienen a la organización en un estándar injustamente alto**. Cualquier organización centralizada tendrá inevitablemente puntos ciegos y al menos algunas categorías y equipos cuyo valor no comprenderá; esto no se debe a que cualquiera de los involucrados esté haciendo algo malo, sino a que tal perfección está fuera del alcance de pequeños grupos de humanos. Así que hay un gran valor en la creación de un enfoque más diversificado y resistente a los bienes públicos que financian a tomar la presión de una sola organización. Afortunadamente, ¡ya tenemos la semilla de esa alternativa! El ecosistema de aplicación de capa en Ethereum existe, se está volviendo cada vez más poderosa y ya está mostrando su espíritu público. Empresas como Gnosis han estado contribuyendo al desarrollo de clientes en Ethereum, y varios proyectos Ethereum DEFI han donado cientos de miles de dólares en subvenciones de Gitcoin Grants.

- +


@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Por lo tanto, aunque el poder de los efectos de legitimidad impulsados por la co El concepto de apoyar los bienes públicos a través del valor generado "a partir del Ether" por concepciones de legitimidad respaldadas públicamente tiene un valor que va mucho más allá del ecosistema Ethereum. Un desafío y una oportunidad importantes e inmediatos son los NFT. Los NFT tienen una gran posibilidad de ayudar significativamente a muchos tipos de bienes públicos, especialmente de la variedad creativa, a resolver al menos [parcialmente sus deficiencias de financiamiento crónicos y sistémicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons).

- +

De hecho, un primer paso muy admirable.


diff --git a/posts/networkstates_zhCN.md b/posts/networkstates_zhCN.md index 3b92aaf1..d791ea7c 100644 --- a/posts/networkstates_zhCN.md +++ b/posts/networkstates_zhCN.md @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ _感谢 [付航](https://twitter.com/fulihang2009) ，[Roy](https://twitter.com/
-![https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/communes.png](https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/communes.png) +![https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/communes.png](https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/communes.png)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ _感谢 [付航](https://twitter.com/fulihang2009) ，[Roy](https://twitter.com/ 接下来，巴拉吉总结了 [近代历史上的数次政治重组](https://thenetworkstate.com/left-is-the-new-right-is-the-new-left)，最终，我们得到了他的当今政治核心模型：[纽约时报（NYT）、中共（CCP）、比特币（BTC）](https://thenetworkstate.com/nyt-ccp-btc)构成的三角关系： -![https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/nytccpbtc.png](https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/nytccpbtc.png) +![https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/nytccpbtc.png](https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/nytccpbtc.png) 纽约时报阵营基本上控制着美国，它的无能意味着美国正在走向崩溃。比特币阵营（包括比特币至上主义者和美国泛右翼）有着一些积极的价值观，但对集体行动和秩序的鲜明敌意，让他们无力建设任何东西。中共阵营有能力进行建设，但他们在建设的是一个反乌托邦的监控国家，全世界大部分地方都无意效仿。而且这三方都过于民族主义：他们从自己国家的角度看待事物，对所有其他人只会无视或加以利用。即使理论上都是国际主义者，他们阐释各自价值观的特定方式，仍让人们难以接受，除了世界上属于他们自己的那一小部分人。 @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ _感谢 [付航](https://twitter.com/fulihang2009) ，[Roy](https://twitter.com/ 巴拉吉的历史螺旋论：是的，会有循环周期，但也不断会有进步。当下所处的周期，正需要我们伸出援手，去埋葬僵化的旧秩序， 也要去培育出更美好的新秩序。 -![https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/helical.png](https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/helical.png) +![https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/helical.png](https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/helical.png)

要接受网络国家就不得不同意巴拉吉的大政治观吗？

diff --git a/posts/pos_faq.md b/posts/pos_faq.md index 5c3d8ee5..21d70ec6 100644 --- a/posts/pos_faq.md +++ b/posts/pos_faq.md @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ In any chain-based proof of stake algorithm, there is a need for some mechanism 1. In [Peercoin](https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=131901.0), a validator could "grind" through many combinations of parameters and find favorable parameters that would increase the probability of their coins generating a valid block. 2. In one now-defunct implementation, the randomness for block N+1 was dependent on the signature of block N. This allowed a validator to repeatedly produce new signatures until they found one that allowed them to get the next block, thereby seizing control of the system forever. -3. In NXT, the randomness for block N+1 is dependent on the validator that creates block N. This allows a validator to manipulate the randomness by simply skipping an opportunity to create a block. This carries an opportunity cost equal to the block reward, but sometimes the new random seed would give the validator an above-average number of blocks over the next few dozen blocks. See [here](http://vitalik.ca/files/randomness.html) and [here](https://hackernoon.com/nxt-pos-block-skipping-attack-myth-de88cf4b3363) for a more detailed analysis. +3. In NXT, the randomness for block N+1 is dependent on the validator that creates block N. This allows a validator to manipulate the randomness by simply skipping an opportunity to create a block. This carries an opportunity cost equal to the block reward, but sometimes the new random seed would give the validator an above-average number of blocks over the next few dozen blocks. See [here](http://vitalik.eth.limo/files/randomness.html) and [here](https://hackernoon.com/nxt-pos-block-skipping-attack-myth-de88cf4b3363) for a more detailed analysis. (1) and (2) are easy to solve; the general approach is to require validators to deposit their coins well in advance, and not to use information that can be easily manipulated as source data for the randomness. There are several main strategies for solving problems like (3). The first is to use schemes based on [secret sharing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_sharing) or [deterministic threshold signatures](https://eprint.iacr.org/2002/081.pdf) and have validators collaboratively generate the random value. These schemes are robust against all manipulation unless a majority of validators collude (in some cases though, depending on the implementation, between 33-50% of validators can interfere in the operation, leading to the protocol having a 67% liveness assumption). diff --git a/posts/retro1.md b/posts/retro1.md index 44288faf..4a80177d 100644 --- a/posts/retro1.md +++ b/posts/retro1.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The entire process was highly transparent from start to finish: * The rules that the badge holders were supposed to follow were enshrined in [the badge holder instructions](https://www.notion.so/optimismpbc/Public-Badge-Holder-Manual-d05c3695ef684d1fb62ef38690fb3ff7) * You can see the projects that were nominated [in this spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1rphUkII5-49VmRVKaQBxsOYRNsO56ifGSSLctQyduWg) -* All discussion between the badge holders happened in publicly viewable forums. In addition to Twitter conversation (eg. [Jeff Coleman's thread](https://twitter.com/technocrypto/status/1454191422601678854?t=qYCreicPHwjsbpkZgBo69w&s=19) and also [others](https://twitter.com/austingriffith/status/1446221993678815237?s=20)), all of the explicit structured discussion channels were publicly viewable: the #retroactive-public-goods channel on the [Optimism discord](discord.optimism.io), and a [published Zoom call](https://vitalik.ca/files/misc_files/retro_recording.mp4) +* All discussion between the badge holders happened in publicly viewable forums. In addition to Twitter conversation (eg. [Jeff Coleman's thread](https://twitter.com/technocrypto/status/1454191422601678854?t=qYCreicPHwjsbpkZgBo69w&s=19) and also [others](https://twitter.com/austingriffith/status/1446221993678815237?s=20)), all of the explicit structured discussion channels were publicly viewable: the #retroactive-public-goods channel on the [Optimism discord](discord.optimism.io), and a [published Zoom call](https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/retro_recording.mp4) * The full results, and the individual badge holder votes that went into the results, can be viewed [in this spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1g4ilAByMNQsmlBC8cskQip7Ojd_qK6IhozJCyoVfU9k) And finally, here are the results in an easy-to-read chart form: diff --git a/posts/rollup_ES.md b/posts/rollup_ES.md index 6e635591..ec157b51 100644 --- a/posts/rollup_ES.md +++ b/posts/rollup_ES.md @@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ Hay un contrato inteligente dentro de la cadena que mantiene una **estado root**
- +

Cualquiera puede publicar un **batch**, una colección de transacciones en un formato altamente comprimido junto con el root del estado anterior y el root del nuevo estado (el Merkle root _después_ de procesar las transacciones). El contrato verifica que el root de estado anterior en el batch coincida con su root de estado actual; si lo hace, cambia el root del estado a el nuevo root del estado.
- +

Para admitir depósitos y retiros, agregamos la capacidad de tener transacciones cuya entrada o salida está "fuera" del estado del Rollup. Si un batch tiene entradas desde el exterior, la transacción que envía el batch también debe transferir estos activos al contrato de Rollup. Si un batch tiene salidas al exterior, luego de procesar el batch, el contrato inteligente inicia esos retiros. @@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ La seguridad de un Rollup de Optimistic depende de la idea de que si alguien pub
- +

Una prueba de fraude que afirme que un batch no es válido contendría los datos en verde: el batch en sí (que podría verificarse con un hash almacenado en cadena) y las partes del árbol Merkle necesarias para probar solo las cuentas específicas que se leyeron y/o modificado por el batch. Los nodos del árbol en amarillo se pueden reconstruir a partir de los nodos en verde, por lo que no es necesario proporcionarlos. Estos datos son suficientes para ejecutar el batch y calcular el root posterior al estado (tenga en cuenta que esto es exactamente igual a cómo los [clientes sin estado](https://ethresear.ch/t/the-stateless-client-concept/172) verifican bloques individuales). Si el root posterior al estado calculado y el root posterior al estado proporcionado en el batch no son iguales, entonces el batch es fraudulento. diff --git a/posts/traveltime.md b/posts/traveltime.md index 100041b0..2dda755c 100644 --- a/posts/traveltime.md +++ b/posts/traveltime.md @@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ Now, I needed travel time data for longer distances, where the optimal route wou * `flight_time`: the flight time from the starting point to the end point. I used [Google Flights](https://www.google.com/travel/flights)) and always took the top result, except in cases where the top result was completely crazy (more than 2x the length of the shortest), in which case I took the shortest. * I computed the travel time as `(to_airport) * 1.5 + (90 if international else 60) + flight_time + from_airport`. The first part is a fairly aggressive formula (I personally am much more conservative than this) for when to leave for the airport: aim to arrive 60 min before if domestic and 90 min before if international, and multiply expected travel time by 1.5x in case there are any mishaps or delays. -This was boring and I was not interested in wasting my time to do more than 16 of these; I presume if I was a serious researcher I would already have an account set up on [TaskRabbit](https://www.taskrabbit.com/) or some similar service that would make it easier to hire other people to do this for me and get much more data. In any case, 16 is enough; I put my resulting data [here](https://vitalik.ca/files/misc_files/travel_time_data_with_flights.csv). +This was boring and I was not interested in wasting my time to do more than 16 of these; I presume if I was a serious researcher I would already have an account set up on [TaskRabbit](https://www.taskrabbit.com/) or some similar service that would make it easier to hire other people to do this for me and get much more data. In any case, 16 is enough; I put my resulting data [here](https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/travel_time_data_with_flights.csv). -Finally, just for fun, I added some data for how long it would take to travel to various locations in space: [the moon](https://science.howstuffworks.com/how-long-to-moon.htm) (I added 12 hours to the time to take into account an average person's travel time to the launch site), [Mars](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/cruise/), [Pluto](https://www.universetoday.com/119264/how-long-does-it-take-to-get-to-pluto) and [Alpha](https://www.iflscience.com/a-mission-to-alpha-centauri-within-a-human-lifetime-has-just-become-more-realistic-59960) [Centauri](https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/06/22/142160/this-is-how-many-people-wed-have-to-send-to-proxima-centauri-to-make-sure-someone-actually/). You can find my complete code [here](https://vitalik.ca/files/misc_files/geoanalyze.py). +Finally, just for fun, I added some data for how long it would take to travel to various locations in space: [the moon](https://science.howstuffworks.com/how-long-to-moon.htm) (I added 12 hours to the time to take into account an average person's travel time to the launch site), [Mars](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/cruise/), [Pluto](https://www.universetoday.com/119264/how-long-does-it-take-to-get-to-pluto) and [Alpha](https://www.iflscience.com/a-mission-to-alpha-centauri-within-a-human-lifetime-has-just-become-more-realistic-59960) [Centauri](https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/06/22/142160/this-is-how-many-people-wed-have-to-send-to-proxima-centauri-to-make-sure-someone-actually/). You can find my complete code [here](https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/geoanalyze.py). Here's the resulting chart: diff --git a/posts/ux_zhCN.md b/posts/ux_zhCN.md index 76e8de3f..a5cba5ba 100644 --- a/posts/ux_zhCN.md +++ b/posts/ux_zhCN.md @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _原文：[Some personal user experiences](../../../2023/02/28/ux.html)_
-![](https://vitalik.ca/images/ux/diagram.png) +![](https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/ux/diagram.png) diff --git a/posts/voting.md b/posts/voting.md index 74560249..0d7ff551 100644 --- a/posts/voting.md +++ b/posts/voting.md @@ -211,6 +211,6 @@ In blockchain governance, it seems like this is the only way forward as well. Th I would argue that it is very useful for coin voting to be one of several coordination institutions deciding whether or not a given change gets implemented. It is an imperfect and unrepresentative signal, but it is a Sybil-resistant one - if you see 10 million ETH voting for a given proposal, you cannot dismiss that by simply saying "oh, that's just hired Russian trolls with fake social media accounts". It is also a signal that is sufficiently disjoint from the core development team that if needed it can serve as a check on it. However, as described above, there are very good reasons why it should not be the only coordination institution. -And underpinnning it all is the key difference from traditional systems that makes blockchains interesting: the "layer 1" that underpins the whole system is the requirement for individual users to assent to any protocol changes, and their freedom, and credible threat, to "fork off" if someone attempts to force changes on them that they consider hostile (see also: [http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html](http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html)). +And underpinnning it all is the key difference from traditional systems that makes blockchains interesting: the "layer 1" that underpins the whole system is the requirement for individual users to assent to any protocol changes, and their freedom, and credible threat, to "fork off" if someone attempts to force changes on them that they consider hostile (see also: [http://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html](http://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html)). Tightly coupled voting is also okay to have in some limited contexts - for example, despite its flaws, miners' ability to vote on the gas limit is a feature that has proven very beneficial on multiple occasions. The risk that miners will try to abuse their power may well be lower than the risk that any specific gas limit or block size limit hard-coded by the protocol on day 1 will end up leading to serious problems, and in that case letting miners vote on the gas limit is a good thing. However, "allowing miners or validators to vote on a few specific parameters that need to be rapidly changed from time to time" is a very far cry from giving them arbitrary control over protocol rules, or letting voting control validation, and these more expansive visions of on-chain governance have a much murkier potential, both in theory and in practice. diff --git a/site/categories/blockchain.html b/site/categories/blockchain.html index 46d6cab6..c3c1883e 100644 --- a/site/categories/blockchain.html +++ b/site/categories/blockchain.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Blockchain diff --git a/site/categories/blockchains.html b/site/categories/blockchains.html index c2df5c37..f7cdafc2 100644 --- a/site/categories/blockchains.html +++ b/site/categories/blockchains.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Blockchains diff --git a/site/categories/cryptography.html b/site/categories/cryptography.html index d8a4a52d..7ad5ecfe 100644 --- a/site/categories/cryptography.html +++ b/site/categories/cryptography.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Cryptography diff --git a/site/categories/deutsch.html b/site/categories/deutsch.html index e41c57ba..2e35ddcb 100644 --- a/site/categories/deutsch.html +++ b/site/categories/deutsch.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Deutsch diff --git a/site/categories/economics.html b/site/categories/economics.html index 7c6d414e..f4beb59d 100644 --- a/site/categories/economics.html +++ b/site/categories/economics.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Economics diff --git "a/site/categories/espa\303\261ol.html" "b/site/categories/espa\303\261ol.html" index 4ffaa96b..bdf8b916 100644 --- "a/site/categories/espa\303\261ol.html" +++ "b/site/categories/espa\303\261ol.html" @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Español diff --git "a/site/categories/fran\303\247ais.html" "b/site/categories/fran\303\247ais.html" index e6f5b73e..5ba9cd71 100644 --- "a/site/categories/fran\303\247ais.html" +++ "b/site/categories/fran\303\247ais.html" @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Français diff --git a/site/categories/fun.html b/site/categories/fun.html index ddf87a86..0089d240 100644 --- a/site/categories/fun.html +++ b/site/categories/fun.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Fun diff --git a/site/categories/general.html b/site/categories/general.html index 0d791bc2..378630ae 100644 --- a/site/categories/general.html +++ b/site/categories/general.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + General diff --git a/site/categories/gitcoin.html b/site/categories/gitcoin.html index 579fd1e6..d3336f57 100644 --- a/site/categories/gitcoin.html +++ b/site/categories/gitcoin.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Gitcoin diff --git a/site/categories/italiano.html b/site/categories/italiano.html index a31acf93..fb84018d 100644 --- a/site/categories/italiano.html +++ b/site/categories/italiano.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Italiano diff --git a/site/categories/math.html b/site/categories/math.html index 2518caed..f55ffbf3 100644 --- a/site/categories/math.html +++ b/site/categories/math.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Math diff --git a/site/categories/philosophy.html b/site/categories/philosophy.html index 533e11fa..ce71923e 100644 --- a/site/categories/philosophy.html +++ b/site/categories/philosophy.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Philosophy diff --git a/site/categories/polski.html b/site/categories/polski.html index 0ae70810..1e88179c 100644 --- a/site/categories/polski.html +++ b/site/categories/polski.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Polski diff --git "a/site/categories/portugu\303\252s.html" "b/site/categories/portugu\303\252s.html" index 16fff6a0..b9667da6 100644 --- "a/site/categories/portugu\303\252s.html" +++ "b/site/categories/portugu\303\252s.html" @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Português diff --git "a/site/categories/t\303\274rk\303\247e.html" "b/site/categories/t\303\274rk\303\247e.html" index a7a3a423..f5a83062 100644 --- "a/site/categories/t\303\274rk\303\247e.html" +++ "b/site/categories/t\303\274rk\303\247e.html" @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Türkçe diff --git "a/site/categories/\344\270\255\346\226\207.html" "b/site/categories/\344\270\255\346\226\207.html" index 9ba89e0f..a8138a0c 100644 --- "a/site/categories/\344\270\255\346\226\207.html" +++ "b/site/categories/\344\270\255\346\226\207.html" @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + 中文 diff --git a/site/feed.xml b/site/feed.xml index ecd357a9..05fef02b 100644 --- a/site/feed.xml +++ b/site/feed.xml @@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ Vitalik Buterin's website - https://vitalik.ca/ + https://vitalik.eth.limo/ Vitalik Buterin's website - http://vitalik.ca/images/icon.png + http://vitalik.eth.limo/images/icon.png Vitalik Buterin's website - https://vitalik.ca/ + https://vitalik.eth.limo/ @@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ The end of my childhood -https://vitalik.ca/general/2024/01/31/end.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2024/01/31/end.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/01/31/end.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/01/31/end.html Wed, 31 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ The promise and challenges of crypto + AI applications -https://vitalik.ca/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html Tue, 30 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ Make Ethereum Cypherpunk Again -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html Thu, 28 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ My techno-optimism -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html Mon, 27 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ Exit games for EVM validiums: the return of Plasma -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html Tue, 14 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ Different types of layer 2s -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ Should Ethereum be okay with enshrining more things in the protocol? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ What do I think about Community Notes? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html Wed, 16 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ What do I think about biometric proof of personhood? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html Mon, 24 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ Deeper dive on cross-L2 reading for wallets and other use cases -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html Tue, 20 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ The Three Transitions -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html Fri, 09 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ Don't overload Ethereum's consensus -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html Sun, 21 May 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ Travel time ~= 750 * distance ^ 0.6 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html Fri, 14 Apr 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ How will Ethereum's multi-client philosophy interact with ZK-EVMs? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html Fri, 31 Mar 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ Some personal user experiences -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/02/28/ux.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/02/28/ux.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/02/28/ux.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/02/28/ux.html Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ An incomplete guide to stealth addresses -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html Fri, 20 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ What even is an institution? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html Fri, 30 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ Updating my blog: a quick GPT chatbot coding experiment -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html Tue, 06 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ What in the Ethereum application ecosystem excites me -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/12/05/excited.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/12/05/excited.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/12/05/excited.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/12/05/excited.html Mon, 05 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ Having a safe CEX: proof of solvency and beyond -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html Sat, 19 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ 收入-邪恶曲线：思考“公共物品融资优先”的另一种方式 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html Fri, 28 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ The Revenue-Evil Curve: a different way to think about prioritizing public goods funding -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html Fri, 28 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ 我在加密世界的一些个人体验 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html Fri, 28 Oct 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ DAOs are not corporations: where decentralization in autonomous organizations matters -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/20/daos.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/20/daos.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/09/20/daos.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/09/20/daos.html Tue, 20 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ What kind of layer 3s make sense? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html Sat, 17 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ Should there be demand-based recurring fees on ENS domains? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/09/ens.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/09/09/ens.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/09/09/ens.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/09/09/ens.html Fri, 09 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -255,8 +255,8 @@ 不同類型的 ZK-EVM -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html Mon, 29 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ Farklı ZK-EVM Türleri -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html Thu, 04 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ The different types of ZK-EVMs -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html Thu, 04 Aug 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -282,8 +282,8 @@ What do I think about network states? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html Wed, 13 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -291,8 +291,8 @@ 「网络国家」之我见 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html Wed, 13 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ My 40-liter backpack travel guide -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -309,8 +309,8 @@ Some ways to use ZK-SNARKs for privacy -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html Wed, 15 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -318,8 +318,8 @@ Where to use a blockchain in non-financial applications? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html Sun, 12 Jun 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -327,8 +327,8 @@ Two thought experiments to evaluate automated stablecoins -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/05/25/stable.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/05/25/stable.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/05/25/stable.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/05/25/stable.html Wed, 25 May 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -336,8 +336,8 @@ In Defense of Bitcoin Maximalism -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html Fri, 01 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -345,8 +345,8 @@ The roads not taken -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/03/29/road.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/03/29/road.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/03/29/road.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/03/29/road.html Tue, 29 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ How do trusted setups work? -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html Mon, 14 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -363,8 +363,8 @@ Encapsulated vs systemic complexity in protocol design -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html Mon, 28 Feb 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -372,8 +372,8 @@ Soulbound -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html Wed, 26 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ The bulldozer vs vetocracy political axis -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html Sun, 19 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ Endgame -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/06/endgame.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/06/endgame.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/12/06/endgame.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/12/06/endgame.html Mon, 06 Dec 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -399,8 +399,8 @@ Review of Optimism retro funding round 1 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html Tue, 16 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ Halo and more: exploring incremental verification and SNARKs without pairings -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/11/05/halo.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/11/05/halo.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/11/05/halo.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/11/05/halo.html Fri, 05 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ Crypto Cities -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/10/31/cities.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/10/31/cities.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/10/31/cities.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/10/31/cities.html Sun, 31 Oct 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -426,8 +426,8 @@ On Nathan Schneider on the limits of cryptoeconomics -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/09/26/limits.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/09/26/limits.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/09/26/limits.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/09/26/limits.html Sun, 26 Sep 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ Alternatives to selling at below-market-clearing prices for achieving fairness (or community sentiment, or fun) -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/08/22/prices.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/08/22/prices.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/08/22/prices.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/08/22/prices.html Sun, 22 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -444,8 +444,8 @@ Moving beyond coin voting governance -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html Mon, 16 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -453,8 +453,8 @@ Against overuse of the Gini coefficient -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/07/29/gini.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/07/29/gini.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/07/29/gini.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/07/29/gini.html Thu, 29 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -462,8 +462,8 @@ Verkle trees -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html Fri, 18 Jun 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -471,8 +471,8 @@ Blockchain voting is overrated among uninformed people but underrated among informed people -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html Tue, 25 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -480,8 +480,8 @@ La votación mediante blockchain está sobrevalorada entre personas desinformadas pero subestimada entre personas informadas -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html Tue, 25 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -489,8 +489,8 @@ The Limits to Blockchain Scalability -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/23/scaling.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/23/scaling.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/05/23/scaling.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/05/23/scaling.html Sun, 23 May 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -498,8 +498,8 @@ Why sharding is great: demystifying the technical properties -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/04/07/sharding.html Wed, 07 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -507,8 +507,8 @@ Gitcoin Grants Round 9: The Next Phase of Growth -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/02/round9.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/04/02/round9.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/04/02/round9.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/04/02/round9.html Fri, 02 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -516,8 +516,8 @@ El recurso escaso más importante es la legitimidad -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -525,8 +525,8 @@ The Most Important Scarce Resource is Legitimacy -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html Tue, 23 Mar 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -534,8 +534,8 @@ Prediction Markets: Tales from the Election -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/02/18/election.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/02/18/election.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/02/18/election.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/02/18/election.html Thu, 18 Feb 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -543,8 +543,8 @@ An approximate introduction to how zk-SNARKs are possible -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html Tue, 26 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -552,8 +552,8 @@ Why we need wide adoption of social recovery wallets -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html Mon, 11 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -561,8 +561,8 @@ La Guía Incompleta de los Rollups -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html Tue, 05 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -570,8 +570,8 @@ An Incomplete Guide to Rollups -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html Tue, 05 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -579,8 +579,8 @@ Endnotes on 2020: Crypto and Beyond -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html Mon, 28 Dec 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ Convex and Concave Dispositions -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/08/concave.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/08/concave.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/08/concave.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/08/concave.html Sun, 08 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -597,8 +597,8 @@ 為什麼權益證明棒棒的（2020 年十一月） -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html Fri, 06 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -606,8 +606,8 @@ Why Proof of Stake (Nov 2020) -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html Fri, 06 Nov 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -615,8 +615,8 @@ Gitcoin Grants Round 7 Retrospective -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/10/18/round7.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/10/18/round7.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/10/18/round7.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/10/18/round7.html Sun, 18 Oct 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -624,8 +624,8 @@ 7ème tour des subventions Gitcoin - Rétrospective -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html Sun, 18 Oct 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -633,8 +633,8 @@ Coordination, Good and Bad -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html Fri, 11 Sep 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -642,8 +642,8 @@ Trust Models -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/08/20/trust.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/08/20/trust.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/08/20/trust.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/08/20/trust.html Thu, 20 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -651,8 +651,8 @@ A Philosophy of Blockchain Validation -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html Mon, 17 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -660,8 +660,8 @@ Gitcoin Grants Round 6 Retrospective -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/07/22/round6.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/07/22/round6.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/07/22/round6.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/07/22/round6.html Wed, 22 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -669,8 +669,8 @@ Exploring Fully Homomorphic Encryption -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/07/20/homomorphic.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/07/20/homomorphic.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/07/20/homomorphic.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/07/20/homomorphic.html Mon, 20 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ Gitcoin Grants Round 5 Retrospective -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/04/30/round5.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/04/30/round5.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/04/30/round5.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/04/30/round5.html Thu, 30 Apr 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -687,8 +687,8 @@ A Quick Garbled Circuits Primer -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html Sat, 21 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -696,8 +696,8 @@ 預測市場：一個選舉小故事（2021年 二月） -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html Tue, 18 Feb 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -705,8 +705,8 @@ Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 4 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/01/28/round4.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2020/01/28/round4.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/01/28/round4.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2020/01/28/round4.html Tue, 28 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -714,8 +714,8 @@ Base Layers And Functionality Escape Velocity -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/12/26/mvb.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/12/26/mvb.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/12/26/mvb.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/12/26/mvb.html Thu, 26 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ Christmas Special -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/12/24/christmas.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/12/24/christmas.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/12/24/christmas.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/12/24/christmas.html Tue, 24 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -732,8 +732,8 @@ Quadratic Payments: A Primer -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/12/07/quadratic.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/12/07/quadratic.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/12/07/quadratic.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/12/07/quadratic.html Sat, 07 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -741,8 +741,8 @@ Hard Problems in Cryptocurrency: Five Years Later -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/11/22/progress.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/11/22/progress.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/11/22/progress.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/11/22/progress.html Fri, 22 Nov 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -750,8 +750,8 @@ Review of Gitcoin Quadratic Funding Round 3 -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html Thu, 24 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -759,8 +759,8 @@ In-person meatspace protocol to prove unconditional possession of a private key -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/10/01/story.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/10/01/story.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/10/01/story.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/10/01/story.html Tue, 01 Oct 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -768,8 +768,8 @@ Understanding PLONK -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/09/22/plonk.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/09/22/plonk.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/09/22/plonk.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/09/22/plonk.html Sun, 22 Sep 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -777,8 +777,8 @@ The Dawn of Hybrid Layer 2 Protocols -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/08/28/hybrid_layer_2.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/08/28/hybrid_layer_2.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/08/28/hybrid_layer_2.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/08/28/hybrid_layer_2.html Wed, 28 Aug 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -786,8 +786,8 @@ Sidechains vs Plasma vs Sharding -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/06/12/plasma_vs_sharding.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/06/12/plasma_vs_sharding.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/06/12/plasma_vs_sharding.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/06/12/plasma_vs_sharding.html Wed, 12 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -795,8 +795,8 @@ Fast Fourier Transforms -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/05/12/fft.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/05/12/fft.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/05/12/fft.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/05/12/fft.html Sun, 12 May 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -804,8 +804,8 @@ Control as Liability -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/05/09/control_as_liability.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/05/09/control_as_liability.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/05/09/control_as_liability.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/05/09/control_as_liability.html Thu, 09 May 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -813,8 +813,8 @@ On Free Speech -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/04/16/free_speech.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/04/16/free_speech.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/04/16/free_speech.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/04/16/free_speech.html Tue, 16 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -822,8 +822,8 @@ On Collusion -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/04/03/collusion.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/04/03/collusion.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/04/03/collusion.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/04/03/collusion.html Wed, 03 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -831,8 +831,8 @@ [Mirror] Cantor was Wrong: debunking the infinite set hierarchy -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/04/01/cantor.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2019/04/01/cantor.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/04/01/cantor.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2019/04/01/cantor.html Mon, 01 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -840,8 +840,8 @@ A CBC Casper Tutorial -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/12/05/cbc_casper.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/12/05/cbc_casper.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/12/05/cbc_casper.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/12/05/cbc_casper.html Wed, 05 Dec 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -849,8 +849,8 @@ [Mirror] Central Planning as Overfitting -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/11/25/central_planning.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/11/25/central_planning.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/11/25/central_planning.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/11/25/central_planning.html Sun, 25 Nov 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -858,8 +858,8 @@ Layer 1 Should Be Innovative in the Short Term but Less in the Long Term -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/08/26/layer_1.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/08/26/layer_1.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/08/26/layer_1.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/08/26/layer_1.html Sun, 26 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -867,8 +867,8 @@ A Guide to 99% Fault Tolerant Consensus -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/08/07/99_fault_tolerant.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/08/07/99_fault_tolerant.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/08/07/99_fault_tolerant.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/08/07/99_fault_tolerant.html Tue, 07 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -876,8 +876,8 @@ STARKs, Part 3: Into the Weeds -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/07/21/starks_part_3.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/07/21/starks_part_3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/07/21/starks_part_3.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/07/21/starks_part_3.html Sat, 21 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -885,8 +885,8 @@ On Radical Markets -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/04/20/radical_markets.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/04/20/radical_markets.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/04/20/radical_markets.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/04/20/radical_markets.html Fri, 20 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -894,8 +894,8 @@ Governance, Part 2: Plutocracy Is Still Bad -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html Wed, 28 Mar 2018 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -903,8 +903,8 @@ Proof of Stake FAQ -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html Sun, 31 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -912,8 +912,8 @@ Sharding FAQ -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html Sun, 31 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -921,8 +921,8 @@ Notes on Blockchain Governance -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/17/voting.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/17/voting.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/17/voting.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/17/voting.html Sun, 17 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -930,8 +930,8 @@ A Quick Gasprice Market Analysis -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html Thu, 14 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -939,8 +939,8 @@ STARKs, Part II: Thank Goodness It's FRI-day -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html Wed, 22 Nov 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -948,8 +948,8 @@ STARKs, Part I: Proofs with Polynomials -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html Thu, 09 Nov 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -957,8 +957,8 @@ On Medium-of-Exchange Token Valuations -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/10/17/moe.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/10/17/moe.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/10/17/moe.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/10/17/moe.html Tue, 17 Oct 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -966,8 +966,8 @@ A Prehistory of the Ethereum Protocol -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html Thu, 14 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -975,8 +975,8 @@ A Note on Metcalfe's Law, Externalities and Ecosystem Splits -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html Thu, 27 Jul 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -984,8 +984,8 @@ The Triangle of Harm -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html Sun, 16 Jul 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -993,8 +993,8 @@ On Path Independence -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html Thu, 22 Jun 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1002,8 +1002,8 @@ Analyzing Token Sale Models -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/09/sales.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/06/09/sales.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/06/09/sales.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/06/09/sales.html Fri, 09 Jun 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1011,8 +1011,8 @@ Engineering Security Through Coordination Problems -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html Mon, 08 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1020,8 +1020,8 @@ Hard Forks, Soft Forks, Defaults and Coercion -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html Tue, 14 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1029,8 +1029,8 @@ A Note On Charity Through Marginal Price Discrimination -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html Sat, 11 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1038,8 +1038,8 @@ [Mirror] Zk-SNARKs: Under the Hood -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html Wed, 01 Feb 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1047,8 +1047,8 @@ [Mirror] Exploring Elliptic Curve Pairings -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html Sat, 14 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1056,8 +1056,8 @@ [Mirror] A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy -https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html Thu, 29 Dec 2016 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1065,8 +1065,8 @@ [Mirror] Bir Proof of Stake Tasarım Felsefesi -https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html Thu, 29 Dec 2016 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1074,8 +1074,8 @@ [Mirror] Quadratic Arithmetic Programs: from Zero to Hero -https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/10/qap.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/10/qap.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2016/12/10/qap.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2016/12/10/qap.html Sat, 10 Dec 2016 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1083,8 +1083,8 @@ Na colusão -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1092,8 +1092,8 @@ Situazioni di collusione -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1101,8 +1101,8 @@ Über Kollusion -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 +0000 @@ -1110,8 +1110,8 @@ Zmowa -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html -https://vitalik.ca/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html +https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 +0000 diff --git a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html index 37d42a5f..a9409b25 100644 --- a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html +++ b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_DE.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html index b7a767c4..00cb6b58 100644 --- a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html +++ b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_IT.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html index 6adb1097..b4a63b08 100644 --- a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html +++ b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Polish.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html index 8039e8a2..deee2377 100644 --- a/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html +++ b/site/general/2000/01/01/On_Collusion_Portuguese.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2016/12/10/qap.html b/site/general/2016/12/10/qap.html index 6593fbf6..41d9729f 100644 --- a/site/general/2016/12/10/qap.html +++ b/site/general/2016/12/10/qap.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html b/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html index 574950ed..c9ee3d5f 100644 --- a/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html +++ b/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html b/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html index d6e506f2..01ff8941 100644 --- a/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html +++ b/site/general/2016/12/29/pos_design_TR.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html b/site/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html index dce5751a..adb83e7a 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html +++ b/site/general/2017/01/14/exploring_ecp.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html b/site/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html index 10a9d7e7..54b25278 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html +++ b/site/general/2017/02/01/zk_snarks.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html b/site/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html index 6edca3d8..a04682c0 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html +++ b/site/general/2017/03/11/a_note_on_charity.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html b/site/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html index e0ecfefa..f33f1f93 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html +++ b/site/general/2017/03/14/forks_and_markets.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html b/site/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html index d26987e4..1e2e9fb0 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html +++ b/site/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/06/09/sales.html b/site/general/2017/06/09/sales.html index 6d57ce98..85ab3c00 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/06/09/sales.html +++ b/site/general/2017/06/09/sales.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html b/site/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html index 401f7751..8cbc38f3 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html +++ b/site/general/2017/06/22/marketmakers.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html b/site/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html index dac3d007..58ee6643 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html +++ b/site/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html b/site/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html index 705c6508..25e3899d 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html +++ b/site/general/2017/07/27/metcalfe.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html b/site/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html index c8b852c2..792a727b 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html +++ b/site/general/2017/09/14/prehistory.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/10/17/moe.html b/site/general/2017/10/17/moe.html index 17d91348..59358bde 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/10/17/moe.html +++ b/site/general/2017/10/17/moe.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html b/site/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html index 153175cf..aba91c3e 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html +++ b/site/general/2017/11/09/starks_part_1.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html b/site/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html index 8f618942..b07d1b06 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html +++ b/site/general/2017/11/22/starks_part_2.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html b/site/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html index d21b7467..c1fd3e09 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html +++ b/site/general/2017/12/14/gas_analysis.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2017/12/17/voting.html b/site/general/2017/12/17/voting.html index 6681d869..dcd9db11 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/12/17/voting.html +++ b/site/general/2017/12/17/voting.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
@@ -588,7 +588,7 @@

Toward A Balance

any protocol changes, and their freedom, and credible threat, to "fork off" if someone attempts to force changes on them that they consider hostile (see also: http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html).

+href="http://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html">http://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html).

Tightly coupled voting is also okay to have in some limited contexts - for example, despite its flaws, miners' ability to vote on the gas limit is a feature that has proven very beneficial on multiple diff --git a/site/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html b/site/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html index 036973d2..9eabc12d 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html +++ b/site/general/2017/12/31/pos_faq.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@

Can carries an opportunity cost equal to the block reward, but sometimes the new random seed would give the validator an above-average number of blocks over the next few dozen blocks. See here and here and here for a more detailed analysis. diff --git a/site/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html b/site/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html index 624540e2..b8fc2e0c 100644 --- a/site/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html +++ b/site/general/2017/12/31/sharding_faq.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html b/site/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html index b4a4bc26..c198b66b 100644 --- a/site/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html +++ b/site/general/2018/03/28/plutocracy.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
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diff --git a/site/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html b/site/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html index b3922a94..191fa732 100644 --- a/site/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html +++ b/site/general/2019/10/24/gitcoin.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
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diff --git a/site/general/2020/01/28/round4.html b/site/general/2020/01/28/round4.html index 59efabc8..1056e98f 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/01/28/round4.html +++ b/site/general/2020/01/28/round4.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html b/site/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html index bc553c84..12b1a840 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html +++ b/site/general/2020/02/18/election_zhTW.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
diff --git a/site/general/2020/02/28/complexity.html b/site/general/2020/02/28/complexity.html index c4527531..ed8f1ad6 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/02/28/complexity.html +++ b/site/general/2020/02/28/complexity.html @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ - +
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@

Encapsulated vs systemic complexity in protocol d


Encapsulated vs systemic complexity in protocol design -

One of the main goals of Ethereum protocol design is to minimize complexity: make the protocol as simple as possible, while still making a blockchain that can do what an effective blockchain needs to do. The Ethereum protocol is far from perfect at this, especially since much of it was designed in 2014-16 when we understood much less, but we nevertheless make an active effort to reduce complexity whenever possible.

+

One of the main goals of Ethereum protocol design is to minimize complexity: make the protocol as simple as possible, while still making a blockchain that can do what an effective blockchain needs to do. The Ethereum protocol is far from perfect at this, especially since much of it was designed in 2014-16 when we understood much less, but we nevertheless make an active effort to reduce complexity whenever possible.

One of the challenges of this goal, however, is that complexity is difficult to define, and sometimes, you have to trade off between two choices that introduce different kinds of complexity and have different costs. How do we compare?

One powerful intellectual tool that allows for more nuanced thinking about complexity is to draw a distinction between what we will call encapsulated complexity and systemic complexity.

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@

BLS signatures vs Schnorr signatur

BLS signatures and Schnorr signatures are two popular types of cryptographic signature schemes that can be made with elliptic curves.

BLS signatures appear mathematically very simple:

Signing: \(\sigma = H(m) * k\) Verifying: \(e([1], \sigma) \stackrel{?}{=} e(H(m), K)\)

-

\(H\) is a hash function, \(m\) is the message, and \(k\) and \(K\) are the private and public keys. So far, so simple. However, the true complexity is hidden inside the definition of the \(e\) function: elliptic curve pairings, one of the most devilishly hard-to-understand pieces of math in all of cryptography.

+

\(H\) is a hash function, \(m\) is the message, and \(k\) and \(K\) are the private and public keys. So far, so simple. However, the true complexity is hidden inside the definition of the \(e\) function: elliptic curve pairings, one of the most devilishly hard-to-understand pieces of math in all of cryptography.

Now, consider Schnorr signatures. Schnorr signatures rely only on basic elliptic curves. But the signing and verification logic is somewhat more complex:


@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@

BLS signatures vs Schnorr signatur
  • Doing a BLS multi-signature (a combined signature from two keys \(k_1\) and \(k_2\)) is easy: just take \(\sigma_1 + \sigma_2\). But a Schnorr multi-signature requires two rounds of interaction, and there are tricky key cancellation attacks that need to be dealt with.
  • Schnorr signatures require random number generation, BLS signatures do not.
    • -

    Elliptic curve pairings in general are a powerful "complexity sponge" in that they contain large amounts of encapsulated complexity, but enable solutions with much less systemic complexity. This is also true in the area of polynomial commitments: compare the simplicity of KZG commitments (which require pairings) and the much more complicated internal logic of inner product arguments (which do not).

    +

    Elliptic curve pairings in general are a powerful "complexity sponge" in that they contain large amounts of encapsulated complexity, but enable solutions with much less systemic complexity. This is also true in the area of polynomial commitments: compare the simplicity of KZG commitments (which require pairings) and the much more complicated internal logic of inner product arguments (which do not).

    Cryptography vs cryptoeconomics

    -

    One important design choice that appears in many blockchain designs is that of cryptography versus cryptoeconomics. Often (eg. in rollups) this comes in the form of a choice between fraud proofs and validity proofs (aka. ZK-SNARKs).

    -

    ZK-SNARKs are complex technology. While the basic ideas behind how they work can be explained in a single post, actually implementing a ZK-SNARK to verify some computation involves many times more complexity than the computation itself (hence why ZK-SNARKs for the EVM are still under development while fraud proofs for the EVM are already in the testing stage). Implementing a ZK-SNARK effectively involves circuit design with special-purpose optimization, working with unfamiliar programming languages, and many other challenges. Fraud proofs, on the other hand, are inherently simple: if someone makes a challenge, you just directly run the computation on-chain. For efficiency, a binary-search scheme is sometimes added, but even that doesn't add too much complexity.

    +

    One important design choice that appears in many blockchain designs is that of cryptography versus cryptoeconomics. Often (eg. in rollups) this comes in the form of a choice between fraud proofs and validity proofs (aka. ZK-SNARKs).

    +

    ZK-SNARKs are complex technology. While the basic ideas behind how they work can be explained in a single post, actually implementing a ZK-SNARK to verify some computation involves many times more complexity than the computation itself (hence why ZK-SNARKs for the EVM are still under development while fraud proofs for the EVM are already in the testing stage). Implementing a ZK-SNARK effectively involves circuit design with special-purpose optimization, working with unfamiliar programming languages, and many other challenges. Fraud proofs, on the other hand, are inherently simple: if someone makes a challenge, you just directly run the computation on-chain. For efficiency, a binary-search scheme is sometimes added, but even that doesn't add too much complexity.

    But while ZK-SNARKs are complex, their complexity is encapsulated complexity. The relatively light complexity of fraud proofs, on the other hand, is systemic. Here are some examples of systemic complexity that fraud proofs introduce:

    • They require careful incentive engineering to avoid the verifier's dilemma.
      • @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@

      Miscellaneous examples

    • Hash functions - high encapsulated complexity, but very easy-to-understand properties so low systemic complexity.
    • Random shuffling algorithms - shuffling algorithms can either be internally complicated (as in Whisk) but lead to easy-to-understand guarantees of strong randomness, or internally simpler but lead to randomness properties that are weaker and more difficult to analyze (systemic complexity).
    • Miner extractable value (MEV) - a protocol that is powerful enough to support complex transactions can be fairly simple internally, but those complex transactions can have complex systemic effects on the protocol's incentives by contributing to the incentive to propose blocks in very irregular ways.
      • -
    • Verkle trees - Verkle trees do have some encapsulated complexity, in fact quite a bit more than plain Merkle hash trees. Systemically, however, Verkle trees present the exact same relatively clean-and-simple interface of a key-value map. The main systemic complexity "leak" is the possibility of an attacker manipulating the tree to make a particular value have a very long branch; but this risk is the same for both Verkle trees and Merkle trees.
      • +
    • Verkle trees - Verkle trees do have some encapsulated complexity, in fact quite a bit more than plain Merkle hash trees. Systemically, however, Verkle trees present the exact same relatively clean-and-simple interface of a key-value map. The main systemic complexity "leak" is the possibility of an attacker manipulating the tree to make a particular value have a very long branch; but this risk is the same for both Verkle trees and Merkle trees.

    How do we make the tradeoff?

    Often, the choice with less encapsulated complexity is also the choice with less systemic complexity, and so there is one choice that is obviously simpler. But at other times, you have to make a hard choice between one type of complexity and the ther. What should be clear at this point is that complexity is less dangerous if it is encapsulated. The risks from complexity of a system are not a simple function of how long the specification is; a small 10-line piece of the specification that interacts with every other piece adds more complexity than a 100-line function that is otherwise treated as a black box.

    diff --git a/site/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html b/site/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html index 271afaf7..559e197a 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html +++ b/site/general/2020/03/21/garbled.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
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    diff --git a/site/general/2020/07/22/round6.html b/site/general/2020/07/22/round6.html index 0e120558..cd2b6bb2 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/07/22/round6.html +++ b/site/general/2020/07/22/round6.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html b/site/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html index d8d30310..03328928 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html +++ b/site/general/2020/08/17/philosophy.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/08/20/trust.html b/site/general/2020/08/20/trust.html index 65ceb850..f7111b38 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/08/20/trust.html +++ b/site/general/2020/08/20/trust.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html b/site/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html index b4728d8e..840652f7 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html +++ b/site/general/2020/09/11/coordination.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/10/18/round7.html b/site/general/2020/10/18/round7.html index c5e1bbcc..ec543db1 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/10/18/round7.html +++ b/site/general/2020/10/18/round7.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html b/site/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html index d1e14ac5..774967bd 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html +++ b/site/general/2020/10/18/round7_FR.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html b/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html index 73524002..3f9ffda9 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html +++ b/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html b/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html index e809696a..06416023 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html +++ b/site/general/2020/11/06/pos2020_zhTW.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/11/08/concave.html b/site/general/2020/11/08/concave.html index fed0661a..49e062f9 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/11/08/concave.html +++ b/site/general/2020/11/08/concave.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html b/site/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html index acff7976..b3348d18 100644 --- a/site/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html +++ b/site/general/2020/12/28/endnotes.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html b/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html index 91973005..d418d8df 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html +++ b/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html b/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html index b810eb3f..10bb30ec 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html +++ b/site/general/2021/01/05/rollup_ES.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -291,7 +291,7 @@

    OK, entonces, "dentro" del Rollup).


    - +


    Cualquiera puede publicar un batch, una colección de @@ -303,7 +303,7 @@

    OK, entonces, estado.


    - +


    Para admitir depósitos y retiros, agregamos la capacidad de tener @@ -416,7 +416,7 @@

    Anatomía de prueba de fraude

    batch no es válido y debe revertirse.


    - +


    Una prueba de fraude que afirme que un batch no es válido contendría diff --git a/site/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html b/site/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html index bfed1f3c..096e9ad1 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html +++ b/site/general/2021/01/11/recovery.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html b/site/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html index bc6c6aea..4b3df81a 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html +++ b/site/general/2021/01/26/snarks.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/02/18/election.html b/site/general/2021/02/18/election.html index 9b0e42d7..6c058648 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/02/18/election.html +++ b/site/general/2021/02/18/election.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html b/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html index 9ba64a33..7ecebc2d 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html +++ b/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html b/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html index 4b17341d..fd96c8db 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html +++ b/site/general/2021/03/23/legitimacy_ES.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@

    El recurso escaso más importante es la legitimid y muchos desarrolladores pagados que no se cuentan, eso equivale a unos 20 millones de dólares al año.

    -

    +

    Claramente, este patrón de gastos es una mala asignación masiva de recursos. El último 20% de la potencia de hash de la red @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@

    Las tokens de STEEM, excepto aquellos, incluido el de Justin Sun, que participaron en el ataque.

    -
    +


    Y consiguieron muchas aplicaciones a bordo. Si no hubieran logrado esto, muchos más usuarios se habrían quedado en Steem o se habrían mudado a un proyecto diferente por completo. @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@

    Entonces, ¿qué es la deseado.


    - +

    Un juego de coordinación abstracto. Usted se beneficia enormemente de hacer el mismo movimiento que todos los demás.

    @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@

    Entonces, ¿qué es la tiene legitimidad.


    - +

    Un general bizantino reuniendo a sus tropas hacia adelante. El propósito de esto no es solo hacer que los soldados se sientan valientes y emocionados, sino también asegurarles que todos los @@ -380,10 +380,10 @@

    Teorías de la legitimidad

    - + - +
    @@ -469,7 +469,7 @@

    Extendiendo el modelo a públicos" (CCCP).


    - +



    Este estado de cosas no es culpa de las propias @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@

    Extendiendo el modelo a Ethereum, y varios proyectos Ethereum DEFI han donado cientos de miles de dólares en subvenciones de Gitcoin Grants.

    -
    +



    @@ -583,7 +583,7 @@

    NFT: apoyo sus deficiencias de financiamiento crónicos y sistémicos.


    - +

    De hecho, un primer paso muy admirable.



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    diff --git a/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html b/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html index 4bc46b84..1d3777f8 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html +++ b/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html b/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html index f1f5607f..f52d020b 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html +++ b/site/general/2021/05/25/voting2_ES.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html b/site/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html index 9fa8375f..0274f477 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html +++ b/site/general/2021/06/18/verkle.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/07/29/gini.html b/site/general/2021/07/29/gini.html index 0afca94e..d33b197a 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/07/29/gini.html +++ b/site/general/2021/07/29/gini.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html b/site/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html index 1f783269..f167c41a 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html +++ b/site/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/08/22/prices.html b/site/general/2021/08/22/prices.html index aaff5ef9..12e77ad5 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/08/22/prices.html +++ b/site/general/2021/08/22/prices.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/09/26/limits.html b/site/general/2021/09/26/limits.html index b5c5a66c..782ad159 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/09/26/limits.html +++ b/site/general/2021/09/26/limits.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/10/31/cities.html b/site/general/2021/10/31/cities.html index bdae01b0..f27a8baf 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/10/31/cities.html +++ b/site/general/2021/10/31/cities.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/11/05/halo.html b/site/general/2021/11/05/halo.html index 3109e986..7c52eed3 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/11/05/halo.html +++ b/site/general/2021/11/05/halo.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html b/site/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html index 5a0e2eb5..97f0c736 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html +++ b/site/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@

    Review of Optimism retro funding round 1

    viewable: the #retroactive-public-goods channel on the Optimism discord, and a published +href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/retro_recording.mp4">published Zoom call
  • The full results, and the individual badge holder votes that went into the results, can be viewed - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html b/site/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html index 3891542a..7daf9e83 100644 --- a/site/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html +++ b/site/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@

    The bulldozer vs vetocracy political axis

    href="https://www.reddit.com/r/politicalcompassmemes">subreddit dedicated to memes     based on these charts. I even made a spin on the concept myself, with this +href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/meta_political_compass_expanded.png">this "meta-political compass" where at each point on the compass there is a smaller compass depicting what the people at that point on the compass see the axes of the compass as being.

    diff --git a/site/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html b/site/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html index cb3bdec3..3df4ef36 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html +++ b/site/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html b/site/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html index 419bbedc..967dbadf 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html +++ b/site/general/2022/02/28/complexity.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html b/site/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html index a2254f5a..0894c4b7 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html +++ b/site/general/2022/03/14/trustedsetup.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/03/29/road.html b/site/general/2022/03/29/road.html index 0b55c437..88dfa307 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/03/29/road.html +++ b/site/general/2022/03/29/road.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html b/site/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html index 4271965c..5c8c4acd 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html +++ b/site/general/2022/04/01/maximalist.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/05/25/stable.html b/site/general/2022/05/25/stable.html index 603a59e0..9f72a28f 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/05/25/stable.html +++ b/site/general/2022/05/25/stable.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html b/site/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html index e58a95f6..882b58b4 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html +++ b/site/general/2022/06/12/nonfin.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html b/site/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html index 3d35fd62..1f4f294a 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html +++ b/site/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html b/site/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html index d1210cfa..4ec6dbd8 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html +++ b/site/general/2022/06/20/backpack.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html b/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html index 1b8626c7..cacf7bd8 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html +++ b/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html b/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html index abb487ec..ec869095 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html +++ b/site/general/2022/07/13/networkstates_zhCN.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -181,10 +181,10 @@

    paradox）是关键：与人们的直觉相反，对成员要求最高的宗教社群反而最为持久。


    - +
    https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/communes.png
    +aria-hidden="true">https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/communes.png


    这就是巴拉吉主义与更加传统的新自由主义—资本主义的截然不同之处——后者的理想型是无害化的、去政治化的、缺乏激情的消费主义「末人」（last @@ -258,10 +258,10 @@

    href="https://thenetworkstate.com/left-is-the-new-right-is-the-new-left">近代历史上的数次政治重组，最终，我们得到了他的当今政治核心模型：纽约时报（NYT）、中共（CCP）、比特币（BTC）构成的三角关系：

    - +
    https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/nytccpbtc.png
    +aria-hidden="true">https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/nytccpbtc.png

    纽约时报阵营基本上控制着美国，它的无能意味着美国正在走向崩溃。比特币阵营（包括比特币至上主义者和美国泛右翼）有着一些积极的价值观，但对集体行动和秩序的鲜明敌意，让他们无力建设任何东西。中共阵营有能力进行建设，但他们在建设的是一个反乌托邦的监控国家，全世界大部分地方都无意效仿。而且这三方都过于民族主义：他们从自己国家的角度看待事物，对所有其他人只会无视或加以利用。即使理论上都是国际主义者，他们阐释各自价值观的特定方式，仍让人们难以接受，除了世界上属于他们自己的那一小部分人。

    在巴拉吉看来，网络国家是

    巴拉吉的历史螺旋论：是的，会有循环周期，但也不断会有进步。当下所处的周期，正需要我们伸出援手，去埋葬僵化的旧秩序， 也要去培育出更美好的新秩序。

    - +
    https://vitalik.ca/images/networkstates/helical.png
    +aria-hidden="true">https://vitalik.eth.limo/images/networkstates/helical.png

    要接受网络国家就不得不同意巴拉吉的大政治观吗？ diff --git a/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html b/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html index 02457958..faf0bed8 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html +++ b/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html b/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html index 5eb7e697..4d285753 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html +++ b/site/general/2022/08/04/zkevm_TR.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html b/site/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html index ca16e3b1..5ca4461f 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html +++ b/site/general/2022/08/29/zkevm_zhTW.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/09/09/ens.html b/site/general/2022/09/09/ens.html index b2c9c99d..944578b4 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/09/09/ens.html +++ b/site/general/2022/09/09/ens.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html b/site/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html index 096f2859..8e17d904 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html +++ b/site/general/2022/09/17/layer_3.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/09/20/daos.html b/site/general/2022/09/20/daos.html index fc91f377..41b79a7e 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/09/20/daos.html +++ b/site/general/2022/09/20/daos.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html b/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html index 7518496b..76f353e5 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html +++ b/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html b/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html index de821142..bb639bbc 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html +++ b/site/general/2022/10/28/revenue_evil_zhCN.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html b/site/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html index 42cc1763..f701b1d0 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html +++ b/site/general/2022/10/28/ux_zhCN.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@

    我在加密世界的一些个

    还有很多次，发送交易和区块接收交易之间存在延迟，并且这种延迟是不可预测的。有时，一笔交易会在几秒钟内被接收，但更多时候一笔交易需要几分钟甚至几小时才被接收。最近，EIP-1559 大大优化了这一点，确保大多数交易被接收到下一个区块中，最近的合并通过稳定区块时间进一步改善了这种情况。

    -

    +

    Yinhong diff --git a/site/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html b/site/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html index 4fff3976..3631eb71 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html +++ b/site/general/2022/11/19/proof_of_solvency.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/12/05/excited.html b/site/general/2022/12/05/excited.html index 47051370..9de5cc7b 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/12/05/excited.html +++ b/site/general/2022/12/05/excited.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html b/site/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html index a6cc49e8..77bb0d86 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html +++ b/site/general/2022/12/06/gpt3.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html b/site/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html index 84b1441d..0856a83d 100644 --- a/site/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html +++ b/site/general/2022/12/30/institutions.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -303,7 +303,7 @@

    What are some common factors?

    gains from being part of the Elon-verse specifically)

    • The full data is here. +href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/institution_analysis.ods">here. I know that many people will have many disagreements over various individual rankings I make, and readers could probably convince me that a few of my scores are wrong; I am mainly hoping that I've included a diff --git a/site/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html b/site/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html index b6efefbe..291959c4 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html +++ b/site/general/2023/01/20/stealth.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/02/28/ux.html b/site/general/2023/02/28/ux.html index f2b8bbf4..d36e7cf8 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/02/28/ux.html +++ b/site/general/2023/02/28/ux.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html b/site/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html index d51d8ec4..7eeb28cc 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html +++ b/site/general/2023/03/31/zkmulticlient.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html b/site/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html index 69049861..929a0841 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html +++ b/site/general/2023/04/14/traveltime.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    @@ -233,7 +233,7 @@

    Travel time ~= 750 * distance ^ 0.6

    service that would make it easier to hire other people to do this for me and get much more data. In any case, 16 is enough; I put my resulting data here.

    +href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/travel_time_data_with_flights.csv">here.

    Finally, just for fun, I added some data for how long it would take to travel to various locations in space: the @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@

    Travel time ~= 750 * distance ^ 0.6

    Centauri. You can find my complete code here.

    +href="https://vitalik.eth.limo/files/misc_files/geoanalyze.py">here.

    Here's the resulting chart:

    diff --git a/site/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html b/site/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html index 3c89a68c..0a9cb494 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html +++ b/site/general/2023/05/21/dont_overload.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html b/site/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html index e33881f6..c3875d56 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html +++ b/site/general/2023/06/09/three_transitions.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html b/site/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html index 0d82c7b2..a3c97f9a 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html +++ b/site/general/2023/06/20/deeperdive.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html b/site/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html index e84da0d3..1576a9e4 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html +++ b/site/general/2023/07/24/biometric.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html b/site/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html index bbeec007..c614898d 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html +++ b/site/general/2023/08/16/communitynotes.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html b/site/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html index ed031b2f..521cfada 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html +++ b/site/general/2023/09/30/enshrinement.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html b/site/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html index bc4d8fbd..7e56c76e 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html +++ b/site/general/2023/10/31/l2types.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html b/site/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html index ab8e9168..ebbef594 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html +++ b/site/general/2023/11/14/neoplasma.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html b/site/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html index 022dcf07..f2e26cfb 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html +++ b/site/general/2023/11/27/techno_optimism.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html b/site/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html index b23ea5a6..c1ca5982 100644 --- a/site/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html +++ b/site/general/2023/12/28/cypherpunk.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html b/site/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html index 9a3e25b5..47c6cd2c 100644 --- a/site/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html +++ b/site/general/2024/01/30/cryptoai.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/general/2024/01/31/end.html b/site/general/2024/01/31/end.html index e59ca1fa..00d14081 100644 --- a/site/general/2024/01/31/end.html +++ b/site/general/2024/01/31/end.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - +
    diff --git a/site/images/fhe/fhe.txt b/site/images/fhe/fhe.txt index ce482ce5..2426aeec 100644 --- a/site/images/fhe/fhe.txt +++ b/site/images/fhe/fhe.txt @@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ Fully homomorphic encryption has for a long time been considered one of the holy grails of cryptography. The promise of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is simple: it is a type of encryption that allows a third party to perform computations on encrypted data, and get an encrypted result, _without_ being able to decrypt the data or the result.
    -
    +
    As a simple example, imagine that you have a set of emails, and you want to use a third party spam filter to check whether or not they are spam. Either the spam filter provider wants to keep their source code closed, or the spam filter depends on a very large database that they do not want to reveal publicly as that would make attacking easier, or both. However, you care about the privacy of your data, and don't want to upload your emails to a third party. So here's how you do it:
    -
    +
    Fully homomorphic encryption has many applications, including in the blockchain space where it can be used to implement privacy-preserving light clients (the light client hands the server an encrypted index `i`, the server computes `data[0] * (i = 0) + data[1] * (i = 1) + ... + data[n] * (i = n)`, where `data[i]` is the i'th piece of data in a block or state along with its Merkle branch and `(i = k)` is an expression that returns 1 if `i = k` and otherwise 0, and returns the output; the light client gets the data it needs and the server learns nothing about what the light client asked). @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ This was simply a matter of expanding the product, and grouping together all the But there are two problems here: first, the size of the ciphertext itself grows (the length roughly doubles when you multiply), and second, the "noise" in the smaller $* 2$ term also gets quadratically bigger. Adding this noise into the ciphertexts was necessary because the security of this scheme is based on the [approximate GCD problem](https://oeis.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor#Approximate_GCD_problem):
    -
    +
    Essentially, if you just had a set of expressions of the form $p * R_1 + m_1$, $p * R_2 + m_2$..., then you could use the [Euclidean algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm) to efficiently compute the greatest common divisor, which would give you the secret key $p$ and break the encryption, but if the ciphertexts are only _approximate_ multiples with some noise, then doing this quickly becomes impractical. Unfortunately, the noise introduces the inherent limitation that if you multiply the ciphertexts by each other enough, it eventually grows big enough that it exceeds $p$, and at that point the $mod\ p$ and $mod\ 2$ steps "interfere" with each other, making the data unextractable. This will be an inherent tradeoff in all of these homomorphic encryption schemes: extracting information from _approximate_ equations "with errors" is much harder than extracting information from exact equations, but the approximateness adds noise that bounds the amount of computation that you can do before the noise gets overwhelming. And **this is why these schemes are only "somewhat" homomorphic**. @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ In this example the dot product is `3 * 2 + 14 * 71 + 15 * 82 + 92 * 81 + 65 * 8 The security of the scheme is based on an assumption known as "[learning with errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_with_errors)" (LWE) - or, in more jargony but also more understandable terms, the hardness of _solving systems of equations with errors_.
    -
    +
    A ciphertext can itself be viewed as an equation: $k_1c_1 + .... + k_nc_n \approx 0$, where the key $k_1 ... k_n$ is the unknowns, the ciphertext $c_1 ... c_n$ is the coefficients, and the equality is approximate because of both the message and the error. The LWE assumption ensures that even given many of these ciphertexts, you cannot recover $k$. diff --git a/site/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt b/site/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt index ce482ce5..2426aeec 100644 --- a/site/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt +++ b/site/images/fhe/fhe/fhe.txt @@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ Fully homomorphic encryption has for a long time been considered one of the holy grails of cryptography. The promise of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is simple: it is a type of encryption that allows a third party to perform computations on encrypted data, and get an encrypted result, _without_ being able to decrypt the data or the result.
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    As a simple example, imagine that you have a set of emails, and you want to use a third party spam filter to check whether or not they are spam. Either the spam filter provider wants to keep their source code closed, or the spam filter depends on a very large database that they do not want to reveal publicly as that would make attacking easier, or both. However, you care about the privacy of your data, and don't want to upload your emails to a third party. So here's how you do it:
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    Fully homomorphic encryption has many applications, including in the blockchain space where it can be used to implement privacy-preserving light clients (the light client hands the server an encrypted index `i`, the server computes `data[0] * (i = 0) + data[1] * (i = 1) + ... + data[n] * (i = n)`, where `data[i]` is the i'th piece of data in a block or state along with its Merkle branch and `(i = k)` is an expression that returns 1 if `i = k` and otherwise 0, and returns the output; the light client gets the data it needs and the server learns nothing about what the light client asked). @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ This was simply a matter of expanding the product, and grouping together all the But there are two problems here: first, the size of the ciphertext itself grows (the length roughly doubles when you multiply), and second, the "noise" in the smaller $* 2$ term also gets quadratically bigger. Adding this noise into the ciphertexts was necessary because the security of this scheme is based on the [approximate GCD problem](https://oeis.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor#Approximate_GCD_problem):
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    Essentially, if you just had a set of expressions of the form $p * R_1 + m_1$, $p * R_2 + m_2$..., then you could use the [Euclidean algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm) to efficiently compute the greatest common divisor, which would give you the secret key $p$ and break the encryption, but if the ciphertexts are only _approximate_ multiples with some noise, then doing this quickly becomes impractical. Unfortunately, the noise introduces the inherent limitation that if you multiply the ciphertexts by each other enough, it eventually grows big enough that it exceeds $p$, and at that point the $mod\ p$ and $mod\ 2$ steps "interfere" with each other, making the data unextractable. This will be an inherent tradeoff in all of these homomorphic encryption schemes: extracting information from _approximate_ equations "with errors" is much harder than extracting information from exact equations, but the approximateness adds noise that bounds the amount of computation that you can do before the noise gets overwhelming. And **this is why these schemes are only "somewhat" homomorphic**. @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ In this example the dot product is `3 * 2 + 14 * 71 + 15 * 82 + 92 * 81 + 65 * 8 The security of the scheme is based on an assumption known as "[learning with errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_with_errors)" (LWE) - or, in more jargony but also more understandable terms, the hardness of _solving systems of equations with errors_.
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    A ciphertext can itself be viewed as an equation: $k_1c_1 + .... + k_nc_n \approx 0$, where the key $k_1 ... k_n$ is the unknowns, the ciphertext $c_1 ... c_n$ is the coefficients, and the equality is approximate because of both the message and the error. The LWE assumption ensures that even given many of these ciphertexts, you cannot recover $k$. diff --git a/site/index.html b/site/index.html index efe284aa..c853fca0 100644 --- a/site/index.html +++ b/site/index.html @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ - + Vitalik Buterin's website