parquet.thrift

/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */

/**
 * File format description for the parquet file format
 */
namespace cpp parquet
namespace java org.apache.parquet.format

/**
 * Types supported by Parquet.  These types are intended to be used in combination
 * with the encodings to control the on disk storage format.
 * For example INT16 is not included as a type since a good encoding of INT32
 * would handle this.
 */
enum Type {
  BOOLEAN = 0;
  INT32 = 1;
  INT64 = 2;
  INT96 = 3;  // deprecated, only used by legacy implementations.
  FLOAT = 4;
  DOUBLE = 5;
  BYTE_ARRAY = 6;
  FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY = 7;
}

/**
 * Common types used by frameworks(e.g. hive, pig) using parquet.  This helps map
 * between types in those frameworks to the base types in parquet.  This is only
 * metadata and not needed to read or write the data.
 */
enum ConvertedType {
  /** a BYTE_ARRAY actually contains UTF8 encoded chars */
  UTF8 = 0;

  /** a map is converted as an optional field containing a repeated key/value pair */
  MAP = 1;

  /** a key/value pair is converted into a group of two fields */
  MAP_KEY_VALUE = 2;

  /** a list is converted into an optional field containing a repeated field for its
   * values */
  LIST = 3;

  /** an enum is converted into a binary field */
  ENUM = 4;

  /**
   * A decimal value.
   *
   * This may be used to annotate binary or fixed primitive types. The
   * underlying byte array stores the unscaled value encoded as two's
   * complement using big-endian byte order (the most significant byte is the
   * zeroth element). The value of the decimal is the value * 10^{-scale}.
   *
   * This must be accompanied by a (maximum) precision and a scale in the
   * SchemaElement. The precision specifies the number of digits in the decimal
   * and the scale stores the location of the decimal point. For example 1.23
   * would have precision 3 (3 total digits) and scale 2 (the decimal point is
   * 2 digits over).
   */
  DECIMAL = 5;

  /**
   * A Date
   *
   * Stored as days since Unix epoch, encoded as the INT32 physical type.
   *
   */
  DATE = 6;

  /**
   * A time
   *
   * The total number of milliseconds since midnight.  The value is stored
   * as an INT32 physical type.
   */
  TIME_MILLIS = 7;

  /**
   * A time.
   *
   * The total number of microseconds since midnight.  The value is stored as
   * an INT64 physical type.
   */
  TIME_MICROS = 8;

  /**
   * A date/time combination
   *
   * Date and time recorded as milliseconds since the Unix epoch.  Recorded as
   * a physical type of INT64.
   */
  TIMESTAMP_MILLIS = 9;

  /**
   * A date/time combination
   *
   * Date and time recorded as microseconds since the Unix epoch.  The value is
   * stored as an INT64 physical type.
   */
  TIMESTAMP_MICROS = 10;


  /**
   * An unsigned integer value.
   *
   * The number describes the maximum number of meainful data bits in
   * the stored value. 8, 16 and 32 bit values are stored using the
   * INT32 physical type.  64 bit values are stored using the INT64
   * physical type.
   *
   */
  UINT_8 = 11;
  UINT_16 = 12;
  UINT_32 = 13;
  UINT_64 = 14;

  /**
   * A signed integer value.
   *
   * The number describes the maximum number of meainful data bits in
   * the stored value. 8, 16 and 32 bit values are stored using the
   * INT32 physical type.  64 bit values are stored using the INT64
   * physical type.
   *
   */
  INT_8 = 15;
  INT_16 = 16;
  INT_32 = 17;
  INT_64 = 18;

  /**
   * An embedded JSON document
   *
   * A JSON document embedded within a single UTF8 column.
   */
  JSON = 19;

  /**
   * An embedded BSON document
   *
   * A BSON document embedded within a single BINARY column.
   */
  BSON = 20;

  /**
   * An interval of time
   *
   * This type annotates data stored as a FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY of length 12
   * This data is composed of three separate little endian unsigned
   * integers.  Each stores a component of a duration of time.  The first
   * integer identifies the number of months associated with the duration,
   * the second identifies the number of days associated with the duration
   * and the third identifies the number of milliseconds associated with
   * the provided duration.  This duration of time is independent of any
   * particular timezone or date.
   */
  INTERVAL = 21;
}

/**
 * Representation of Schemas
 */
enum FieldRepetitionType {
  /** This field is required (can not be null) and each record has exactly 1 value. */
  REQUIRED = 0;

  /** The field is optional (can be null) and each record has 0 or 1 values. */
  OPTIONAL = 1;

  /** The field is repeated and can contain 0 or more values */
  REPEATED = 2;
}

/**
 * Statistics per row group and per page
 * All fields are optional.
 */
struct Statistics {
   /**
    * DEPRECATED: min and max value of the column. Use min_value and max_value.
    *
    * Values are encoded using PLAIN encoding, except that variable-length byte
    * arrays do not include a length prefix.
    *
    * These fields encode min and max values determined by signed comparison
    * only. New files should use the correct order for a column's logical type
    * and store the values in the min_value and max_value fields.
    *
    * To support older readers, these may be set when the column order is
    * signed.
    */
   1: optional binary max;
   2: optional binary min;
   /** count of null value in the column */
   3: optional i64 null_count;
   /** count of distinct values occurring */
   4: optional i64 distinct_count;
   /**
    * Min and max values for the column, determined by its ColumnOrder.
    *
    * Values are encoded using PLAIN encoding, except that variable-length byte
    * arrays do not include a length prefix.
    */
   5: optional binary max_value;
   6: optional binary min_value;
}

/** Empty structs to use as logical type annotations */
struct StringType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}  // allowed for BINARY, must be encoded with UTF-8
struct UUIDType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}    // allowed for FIXED[16], must encoded raw UUID bytes
struct MapType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}     // see LogicalTypes.md
struct ListType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}    // see LogicalTypes.md
struct EnumType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}    // allowed for BINARY, must be encoded with UTF-8
struct DateType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}    // allowed for INT32

/**
 * Logical type to annotate a column that is always null.
 *
 * Sometimes when discovering the schema of existing data, values are always
 * null and the physical type can't be determined. This annotation signals
 * the case where the physical type was guessed from all null values.
 */
struct NullType {32767: optional i32 dummy;}    // allowed for any physical type, only null values stored

/**
 * Decimal logical type annotation
 *
 * To maintain forward-compatibility in v1, implementations using this logical
 * type must also set scale and precision on the annotated SchemaElement.
 *
 * Allowed for physical types: INT32, INT64, FIXED, and BINARY
 */
struct DecimalType {
  1: required i32 scale
  2: required i32 precision
}

/** Time units for logical types */
struct MilliSeconds {32767: optional i32 dummy;}
struct MicroSeconds {32767: optional i32 dummy;}
struct NanoSeconds {32767: optional i32 dummy;}
union TimeUnit {
  1: MilliSeconds MILLIS
  2: MicroSeconds MICROS
  3: NanoSeconds NANOS
}

/**
 * Timestamp logical type annotation
 *
 * Allowed for physical types: INT64
 */
struct TimestampType {
  1: required bool isAdjustedToUTC
  2: required TimeUnit unit
}

/**
 * Time logical type annotation
 *
 * Allowed for physical types: INT32 (millis), INT64 (micros, nanos)
 */
struct TimeType {
  1: required bool isAdjustedToUTC
  2: required TimeUnit unit
}

/**
 * Integer logical type annotation
 *
 * bitWidth must be 8, 16, 32, or 64.
 *
 * Allowed for physical types: INT32, INT64
 */
struct IntType {
  1: required byte bitWidth
  2: required bool isSigned
}

/**
 * Embedded JSON logical type annotation
 *
 * Allowed for physical types: BINARY
 */
struct JsonType {
}

/**
 * Embedded BSON logical type annotation
 *
 * Allowed for physical types: BINARY
 */
struct BsonType {
}

/**
 * LogicalType annotations to replace ConvertedType.
 *
 * To maintain compatibility, implementations using LogicalType for a
 * SchemaElement must also set the corresponding ConvertedType from the
 * following table.
 */
union LogicalType {
  1:  StringType STRING       // use ConvertedType UTF8
  2:  MapType MAP             // use ConvertedType MAP
  3:  ListType LIST           // use ConvertedType LIST
  4:  EnumType ENUM           // use ConvertedType ENUM
  5:  DecimalType DECIMAL     // use ConvertedType DECIMAL
  6:  DateType DATE           // use ConvertedType DATE

  // use ConvertedType TIME_MICROS for TIME(isAdjustedToUTC = true, unit = MICROS)
  // use ConvertedType TIME_MILLIS for TIME(isAdjustedToUTC = true, unit = MILLIS)
  7:  TimeType TIME

  // use ConvertedType TIMESTAMP_MICROS for TIMESTAMP(isAdjustedToUTC = true, unit = MICROS)
  // use ConvertedType TIMESTAMP_MILLIS for TIMESTAMP(isAdjustedToUTC = true, unit = MILLIS)
  8:  TimestampType TIMESTAMP

  // 9: reserved for INTERVAL
  10: IntType INTEGER         // use ConvertedType INT_* or UINT_*
  11: NullType UNKNOWN        // no compatible ConvertedType
  12: JsonType JSON           // use ConvertedType JSON
  13: BsonType BSON           // use ConvertedType BSON
  14: UUIDType UUID
}

/**
 * Represents a element inside a schema definition.
 *  - if it is a group (inner node) then type is undefined and num_children is defined
 *  - if it is a primitive type (leaf) then type is defined and num_children is undefined
 * the nodes are listed in depth first traversal order.
 */
struct SchemaElement {
  /** Data type for this field. Not set if the current element is a non-leaf node */
  1: optional Type type;

  /** If type is FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY, this is the byte length of the vales.
   * Otherwise, if specified, this is the maximum bit length to store any of the values.
   * (e.g. a low cardinality INT col could have this set to 3).  Note that this is
   * in the schema, and therefore fixed for the entire file.
   */
  2: optional i32 type_length;

  /** repetition of the field. The root of the schema does not have a repetition_type.
   * All other nodes must have one */
  3: optional FieldRepetitionType repetition_type;

  /** Name of the field in the schema */
  4: required string name;

  /** Nested fields.  Since thrift does not support nested fields,
   * the nesting is flattened to a single list by a depth-first traversal.
   * The children count is used to construct the nested relationship.
   * This field is not set when the element is a primitive type
   */
  5: optional i32 num_children;

  /** When the schema is the result of a conversion from another model
   * Used to record the original type to help with cross conversion.
   */
  6: optional ConvertedType converted_type;

  /** Used when this column contains decimal data.
   * See the DECIMAL converted type for more details.
   */
  7: optional i32 scale
  8: optional i32 precision

  /** When the original schema supports field ids, this will save the
   * original field id in the parquet schema
   */
  9: optional i32 field_id;

  /**
   * The logical type of this SchemaElement
   *
   * LogicalType replaces ConvertedType, but ConvertedType is still required
   * for some logical types to ensure forward-compatibility in format v1.
   */
  10: optional LogicalType logicalType
}

/**
 * Encodings supported by Parquet.  Not all encodings are valid for all types.  These
 * enums are also used to specify the encoding of definition and repetition levels.
 * See the accompanying doc for the details of the more complicated encodings.
 */
enum Encoding {
  /** Default encoding.
   * BOOLEAN - 1 bit per value. 0 is false; 1 is true.
   * INT32 - 4 bytes per value.  Stored as little-endian.
   * INT64 - 8 bytes per value.  Stored as little-endian.
   * FLOAT - 4 bytes per value.  IEEE. Stored as little-endian.
   * DOUBLE - 8 bytes per value.  IEEE. Stored as little-endian.
   * BYTE_ARRAY - 4 byte length stored as little endian, followed by bytes.
   * FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY - Just the bytes.
   */
  PLAIN = 0;

  /** Group VarInt encoding for INT32/INT64.
   * This encoding is deprecated. It was never used
   */
  //  GROUP_VAR_INT = 1;

  /**
   * Deprecated: Dictionary encoding. The values in the dictionary are encoded in the
   * plain type.
   * in a data page use RLE_DICTIONARY instead.
   * in a Dictionary page use PLAIN instead
   */
  PLAIN_DICTIONARY = 2;

  /** Group packed run length encoding. Usable for definition/repetition levels
   * encoding and Booleans (on one bit: 0 is false; 1 is true.)
   */
  RLE = 3;

  /** Bit packed encoding.  This can only be used if the data has a known max
   * width.  Usable for definition/repetition levels encoding.
   */
  BIT_PACKED = 4;

  /** Delta encoding for integers. This can be used for int columns and works best
   * on sorted data
   */
  DELTA_BINARY_PACKED = 5;

  /** Encoding for byte arrays to separate the length values and the data. The lengths
   * are encoded using DELTA_BINARY_PACKED
   */
  DELTA_LENGTH_BYTE_ARRAY = 6;

  /** Incremental-encoded byte array. Prefix lengths are encoded using DELTA_BINARY_PACKED.
   * Suffixes are stored as delta length byte arrays.
   */
  DELTA_BYTE_ARRAY = 7;

  /** Dictionary encoding: the ids are encoded using the RLE encoding
   */
  RLE_DICTIONARY = 8;
}

/**
 * Supported compression algorithms.
 *
 * Codecs added in 2.4 can be read by readers based on 2.4 and later.
 * Codec support may vary between readers based on the format version and
 * libraries available at runtime. Gzip, Snappy, and LZ4 codecs are
 * widely available, while Zstd and Brotli require additional libraries.
 */
enum CompressionCodec {
  UNCOMPRESSED = 0;
  SNAPPY = 1;
  GZIP = 2;
  LZO = 3;
  BROTLI = 4; // Added in 2.4
  LZ4 = 5;    // Added in 2.4
  ZSTD = 6;   // Added in 2.4
}

enum PageType {
  DATA_PAGE = 0;
  INDEX_PAGE = 1;
  DICTIONARY_PAGE = 2;
  DATA_PAGE_V2 = 3;
  BLOOM_FILTER_PAGE = 4;
}

/**
 * Enum to annotate whether lists of min/max elements inside ColumnIndex
 * are ordered and if so, in which direction.
 */
enum BoundaryOrder {
  UNORDERED = 0;
  ASCENDING = 1;
  DESCENDING = 2;
}

/** Data page header */
struct DataPageHeader {
  /** Number of values, including NULLs, in this data page. **/
  1: required i32 num_values

  /** Encoding used for this data page **/
  2: required Encoding encoding

  /** Encoding used for definition levels **/
  3: required Encoding definition_level_encoding;

  /** Encoding used for repetition levels **/
  4: required Encoding repetition_level_encoding;

  /** Optional statistics for the data in this page**/
  5: optional Statistics statistics;
}

struct IndexPageHeader {
  /** TODO: **/
  32767: optional i32 dummy;
}

struct DictionaryPageHeader {
  /** Number of values in the dictionary **/
  1: required i32 num_values;

  /** Encoding using this dictionary page **/
  2: required Encoding encoding

  /** If true, the entries in the dictionary are sorted in ascending order **/
  3: optional bool is_sorted;
}

/**
 * New page format allowing reading levels without decompressing the data
 * Repetition and definition levels are uncompressed
 * The remaining section containing the data is compressed if is_compressed is true
 **/
struct DataPageHeaderV2 {
  /** Number of values, including NULLs, in this data page. **/
  1: required i32 num_values
  /** Number of NULL values, in this data page.
      Number of non-null = num_values - num_nulls which is also the number of values in the data section **/
  2: required i32 num_nulls
  /** Number of rows in this data page. which means pages change on record boundaries (r = 0) **/
  3: required i32 num_rows
  /** Encoding used for data in this page **/
  4: required Encoding encoding

  // repetition levels and definition levels are always using RLE (without size in it)

  /** length of the definition levels */
  5: required i32 definition_levels_byte_length;
  /** length of the repetition levels */
  6: required i32 repetition_levels_byte_length;

  /**  whether the values are compressed.
  Which means the section of the page between
  definition_levels_byte_length + repetition_levels_byte_length + 1 and compressed_page_size (included)
  is compressed with the compression_codec.
  If missing it is considered compressed */
  7: optional bool is_compressed = 1;

  /** optional statistics for this column chunk */
  8: optional Statistics statistics;
}

/** Block-based algorithm type annotation. **/
struct SplitBlockAlgorithm {32767: optional i32 dummy;}
/** The algorithm used in Bloom filter. **/
union BloomFilterAlgorithm {
  /** Block-based Bloom filter. **/
  1: SplitBlockAlgorithm BLOCK;
}
/** Hash strategy type annotation. It uses Murmur3Hash_x64_128 from the original SMHasher
 * repo by Austin Appleby.
 **/
struct Murmur3 {32767: optional i32 dummy;}
/** 
 * The hash function used in Bloom filter. This function takes the hash of a column value
 * using plain encoding.
 **/
union BloomFilterHash {
  /** Murmur3 Hash Strategy. **/
  1: Murmur3 MURMUR3;
}
/**
  * Bloom filter header is stored at beginning of Bloom filter data of each column
  * and followed by its bitset.
  **/
struct BloomFilterPageHeader {
  /** The size of bitset in bytes **/
  1: required i32 numBytes;
  /** The algorithm for setting bits. **/
  2: required BloomFilterAlgorithm algorithm;
  /** The hash function used for Bloom filter. **/
  3: required BloomFilterHash hash;
}

struct PageHeader {
  /** the type of the page: indicates which of the *_header fields is set **/
  1: required PageType type

  /** Uncompressed page size in bytes (not including this header) **/
  2: required i32 uncompressed_page_size

  /** Compressed page size in bytes (not including this header) **/
  3: required i32 compressed_page_size

  /** The 32bit CRC for the page, to be be calculated as follows:
   * - Using the standard CRC32 algorithm
   * - On the data only, i.e. this header should not be included. 'Data'
   *   hereby refers to the concatenation of the repetition levels, the
   *   definition levels and the column value, in this exact order.
   * - On the encoded versions of the repetition levels, definition levels and
   *   column values
   * - On the compressed versions of the repetition levels, definition levels
   *   and column values where possible;
   *   - For v1 data pages, the repetition levels, definition levels and column
   *     values are always compressed together. If a compression scheme is
   *     specified, the CRC shall be calculated on the compressed version of
   *     this concatenation. If no compression scheme is specified, the CRC
   *     shall be calculated on the uncompressed version of this concatenation.
   *   - For v2 data pages, the repetition levels and definition levels are
   *     handled separately from the data and are never compressed (only
   *     encoded). If a compression scheme is specified, the CRC shall be
   *     calculated on the concatenation of the uncompressed repetition levels,
   *     uncompressed definition levels and the compressed column values.
   *     If no compression scheme is specified, the CRC shall be calculated on
   *     the uncompressed concatenation.
   * If enabled, this allows for disabling checksumming in HDFS if only a few
   * pages need to be read.
   **/
  4: optional i32 crc

  // Headers for page specific data.  One only will be set.
  5: optional DataPageHeader data_page_header;
  6: optional IndexPageHeader index_page_header;
  7: optional DictionaryPageHeader dictionary_page_header;
  8: optional DataPageHeaderV2 data_page_header_v2;
  9: optional BloomFilterPageHeader bloom_filter_page_header;
}

/**
 * Wrapper struct to store key values
 */
 struct KeyValue {
  1: required string key
  2: optional string value
}

/**
 * Wrapper struct to specify sort order
 */
struct SortingColumn {
  /** The column index (in this row group) **/
  1: required i32 column_idx

  /** If true, indicates this column is sorted in descending order. **/
  2: required bool descending

  /** If true, nulls will come before non-null values, otherwise,
   * nulls go at the end. */
  3: required bool nulls_first
}

/**
 * statistics of a given page type and encoding
 */
struct PageEncodingStats {

  /** the page type (data/dic/...) **/
  1: required PageType page_type;

  /** encoding of the page **/
  2: required Encoding encoding;

  /** number of pages of this type with this encoding **/
  3: required i32 count;

}

/**
 * Description for column metadata
 */
struct ColumnMetaData {
  /** Type of this column **/
  1: required Type type

  /** Set of all encodings used for this column. The purpose is to validate
   * whether we can decode those pages. **/
  2: required list<Encoding> encodings

  /** Path in schema **/
  3: required list<string> path_in_schema

  /** Compression codec **/
  4: required CompressionCodec codec

  /** Number of values in this column **/
  5: required i64 num_values

  /** total byte size of all uncompressed pages in this column chunk (including the headers) **/
  6: required i64 total_uncompressed_size

  /** total byte size of all compressed pages in this column chunk (including the headers) **/
  7: required i64 total_compressed_size

  /** Optional key/value metadata **/
  8: optional list<KeyValue> key_value_metadata

  /** Byte offset from beginning of file to first data page **/
  9: required i64 data_page_offset

  /** Byte offset from beginning of file to root index page **/
  10: optional i64 index_page_offset

  /** Byte offset from the beginning of file to first (only) dictionary page **/
  11: optional i64 dictionary_page_offset

  /** optional statistics for this column chunk */
  12: optional Statistics statistics;

  /** Set of all encodings used for pages in this column chunk.
   * This information can be used to determine if all data pages are
   * dictionary encoded for example **/
  13: optional list<PageEncodingStats> encoding_stats;

  /** Byte offset from beginning of file to Bloom filter data. **/
  14: optional i64 bloom_filter_offset;
}

struct ColumnChunk {
  /** File where column data is stored.  If not set, assumed to be same file as
    * metadata.  This path is relative to the current file.
    **/
  1: optional string file_path

  /** Byte offset in file_path to the ColumnMetaData **/
  2: required i64 file_offset

  /** Column metadata for this chunk. This is the same content as what is at
   * file_path/file_offset.  Having it here has it replicated in the file
   * metadata.
   **/
  3: optional ColumnMetaData meta_data

  /** File offset of ColumnChunk's OffsetIndex **/
  4: optional i64 offset_index_offset

  /** Size of ColumnChunk's OffsetIndex, in bytes **/
  5: optional i32 offset_index_length

  /** File offset of ColumnChunk's ColumnIndex **/
  6: optional i64 column_index_offset

  /** Size of ColumnChunk's ColumnIndex, in bytes **/
  7: optional i32 column_index_length
}

struct RowGroup {
  /** Metadata for each column chunk in this row group.
   * This list must have the same order as the SchemaElement list in FileMetaData.
   **/
  1: required list<ColumnChunk> columns

  /** Total byte size of all the uncompressed column data in this row group **/
  2: required i64 total_byte_size

  /** Number of rows in this row group **/
  3: required i64 num_rows

  /** If set, specifies a sort ordering of the rows in this RowGroup.
   * The sorting columns can be a subset of all the columns.
   */
  4: optional list<SortingColumn> sorting_columns
}

/** Empty struct to signal the order defined by the physical or logical type */
struct TypeDefinedOrder {32767: optional i32 dummy;}

/**
 * Union to specify the order used for the min_value and max_value fields for a
 * column. This union takes the role of an enhanced enum that allows rich
 * elements (which will be needed for a collation-based ordering in the future).
 *
 * Possible values are:
 * * TypeDefinedOrder - the column uses the order defined by its logical or
 *                      physical type (if there is no logical type).
 *
 * If the reader does not support the value of this union, min and max stats
 * for this column should be ignored.
 */
union ColumnOrder {

  /**
   * The sort orders for logical types are:
   *   UTF8 - unsigned byte-wise comparison
   *   INT8 - signed comparison
   *   INT16 - signed comparison
   *   INT32 - signed comparison
   *   INT64 - signed comparison
   *   UINT8 - unsigned comparison
   *   UINT16 - unsigned comparison
   *   UINT32 - unsigned comparison
   *   UINT64 - unsigned comparison
   *   DECIMAL - signed comparison of the represented value
   *   DATE - signed comparison
   *   TIME_MILLIS - signed comparison
   *   TIME_MICROS - signed comparison
   *   TIMESTAMP_MILLIS - signed comparison
   *   TIMESTAMP_MICROS - signed comparison
   *   INTERVAL - unsigned comparison
   *   JSON - unsigned byte-wise comparison
   *   BSON - unsigned byte-wise comparison
   *   ENUM - unsigned byte-wise comparison
   *   LIST - undefined
   *   MAP - undefined
   *
   * In the absence of logical types, the sort order is determined by the physical type:
   *   BOOLEAN - false, true
   *   INT32 - signed comparison
   *   INT64 - signed comparison
   *   INT96 (only used for legacy timestamps) - undefined
   *   FLOAT - signed comparison of the represented value (*)
   *   DOUBLE - signed comparison of the represented value (*)
   *   BYTE_ARRAY - unsigned byte-wise comparison
   *   FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY - unsigned byte-wise comparison
   *
   * (*) Because the sorting order is not specified properly for floating
   *     point values (relations vs. total ordering) the following
   *     compatibility rules should be applied when reading statistics:
   *     - If the min is a NaN, it should be ignored.
   *     - If the max is a NaN, it should be ignored.
   *     - If the min is +0, the row group may contain -0 values as well.
   *     - If the max is -0, the row group may contain +0 values as well.
   *     - When looking for NaN values, min and max should be ignored.
   */
  1: TypeDefinedOrder TYPE_ORDER;
}

struct PageLocation {
  /** Offset of the page in the file **/
  1: required i64 offset

  /**
   * Size of the page, including header. Sum of compressed_page_size and header
   * length
   */
  2: required i32 compressed_page_size

  /**
   * Index within the RowGroup of the first row of the page; this means pages
   * change on record boundaries (r = 0).
   */
  3: required i64 first_row_index
}

struct OffsetIndex {
  /**
   * PageLocations, ordered by increasing PageLocation.offset. It is required
   * that page_locations[i].first_row_index < page_locations[i+1].first_row_index.
   */
  1: required list<PageLocation> page_locations
}

/**
 * Description for ColumnIndex.
 * Each <array-field>[i] refers to the page at OffsetIndex.page_locations[i]
 */
struct ColumnIndex {
  /**
   * A list of Boolean values to determine the validity of the corresponding
   * min and max values. If true, a page contains only null values, and writers
   * have to set the corresponding entries in min_values and max_values to
   * byte[0], so that all lists have the same length. If false, the
   * corresponding entries in min_values and max_values must be valid.
   */
  1: required list<bool> null_pages

  /**
   * Two lists containing lower and upper bounds for the values of each page.
   * These may be the actual minimum and maximum values found on a page, but
   * can also be (more compact) values that do not exist on a page. For
   * example, instead of storing ""Blart Versenwald III", a writer may set
   * min_values[i]="B", max_values[i]="C". Such more compact values must still
   * be valid values within the column's logical type. Readers must make sure
   * that list entries are populated before using them by inspecting null_pages.
   */
  2: required list<binary> min_values
  3: required list<binary> max_values

  /**
   * Stores whether both min_values and max_values are orderd and if so, in
   * which direction. This allows readers to perform binary searches in both
   * lists. Readers cannot assume that max_values[i] <= min_values[i+1], even
   * if the lists are ordered.
   */
  4: required BoundaryOrder boundary_order

  /** A list containing the number of null values for each page **/
  5: optional list<i64> null_counts
}

/**
 * Description for file metadata
 */
struct FileMetaData {
  /** Version of this file **/
  1: required i32 version

  /** Parquet schema for this file.  This schema contains metadata for all the columns.
   * The schema is represented as a tree with a single root.  The nodes of the tree
   * are flattened to a list by doing a depth-first traversal.
   * The column metadata contains the path in the schema for that column which can be
   * used to map columns to nodes in the schema.
   * The first element is the root **/
  2: required list<SchemaElement> schema;

  /** Number of rows in this file **/
  3: required i64 num_rows

  /** Row groups in this file **/
  4: required list<RowGroup> row_groups

  /** Optional key/value metadata **/
  5: optional list<KeyValue> key_value_metadata

  /** String for application that wrote this file.  This should be in the format
   * <Application> version <App Version> (build <App Build Hash>).
   * e.g. impala version 1.0 (build 6cf94d29b2b7115df4de2c06e2ab4326d721eb55)
   **/
  6: optional string created_by

  /**
   * Sort order used for the min_value and max_value fields of each column in
   * this file. Sort orders are listed in the order matching the columns in the
   * schema. The indexes are not necessary the same though, because only leaf
   * nodes of the schema are represented in the list of sort orders.
   *
   * Without column_orders, the meaning of the min_value and max_value fields is
   * undefined. To ensure well-defined behaviour, if min_value and max_value are
   * written to a Parquet file, column_orders must be written as well.
   *
   * The obsolete min and max fields are always sorted by signed comparison
   * regardless of column_orders.
   */
  7: optional list<ColumnOrder> column_orders;
}