- [2024/05/22] OpenCarbonEval paper, repo, and website released.
OpenCarbonEval is a unified framework for integrating large-scale models across diverse modalities to predict carbon emissions.
Figure 1: The overview pipeline of OpenCarbonEval.
In OpenCarbonEval, we propose a dynamic throughput modeling approach that could capture workload and hardware fluctuations in the training process for more precise emissions estimates.
Figure 2: Dynamic throghput modeling in OpenCarbonEval.
Figure 3: Throughput-α of different devices.
| Model | Publication Date | Task | Carbon Emission (tCO2eq) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemini Ultra | 2023-12-06 | Language model | 18874.84 |
| GPT-4 | 2023-03-15 | Language model | 10072.85 |
| MegaScale (Production) | 2024-02-23 | Language model | 6994.67 |
| Falcon-180B | 2023-09-06 | Language model | 3023.29 |
| Inflection-2 | 2023-11-22 | Language model | 3008.24 |
| Inflection-2.5 | 2024-03-07 | Chat | 3005.55 |
| PaLM 2 | 2023-05-10 | Language model | 2652.28 |
| Llama 3-70B | 2024-04-18 | Chat | 1896.61 |
| GPT-3.5 (text-davinci-003) | 2022-11-28 | Language model | 1264.95 |
| Minerva (540B) | 2022-06-29 | Quantitative reasoning | 1001.12 |
| PaLM (540B) | 2022-04-04 | Language model | 984.65 |
| U-PaLM (540B) | 2022-10-20 | Language model | 924.68 |
| Flan-PaLM 540B | 2022-10-20 | Language model | 913.84 |
| GPT-3 175B (davinci) | 2020-05-28 | Text autocompletion | 562.70 |
| Megatron-Turing NLG 530B | 2021-10-11 | Language model | 444.94 |
| xTrimoPGLM -100B | 2023-07-06 | Proteins | 425.01 |
| Llama 2-70B | 2023-07-18 | Language model | 308.99 |
| LaMDA | 2022-02-10 | Language model | 265.93 |
| Gopher (280B) | 2021-12-08 | Language model | 243.48 |
| BLOOM-176B | 2022-11-08 | Language model | 235.32 |
| LLaMA-65B | 2023-02-24 | Language model | 232.19 |
| PanGu-Σ | 2023-03-20 | Code generation | 221.32 |
| Falcon-40B | 2023-03-15 | Language model | 168.03 |
| OPT-175B | 2022-05-02 | Language model | 164.92 |
| Parti | 2022-06-22 | Text-to-image | 157.54 |
| ViT-22B | 2023-02-10 | Object detection | 149.16 |
| Galactica | 2022-11-16 | Language model | 124.56 |
| BloombergGPT | 2023-03-30 | Language model | 100.43 |
| ESM2-15B | 2022-07-21 | Proteins | 89.06 |
| AlexaTM 20B | 2022-08-02 | Language model | 87.09 |
| Meena | 2020-01-28 | Text autocompletion | 86.65 |
| Nemotron-3-8B | 2023-11-15 | Chat | 76.79 |
| Pangu-Weather | 2023-07-05 | Weather prediction | 70.17 |
| Skywork-13B | 2023-10-30 | Language model | 69.91 |
| iGPT-XL | 2020-06-17 | Image completion | 66.76 |
| Switch | 2021-01-11 | Text autocompletion | 64.16 |
| ByT5-XXL | 2021-05-28 | Language model | 63.25 |
| ProtT5-XXL | 2021-05-04 | Proteins | 59.96 |
| Flamingo | 2022-04-29 | Visual question answering | 52.91 |
| WizardLM-7B | 2023-04-24 | Language model | 49.88 |
| FLAN 137B | 2021-09-03 | Language model | 41.35 |
| BlenderBot 3 | 2022-08-10 | Chat | 40.00 |
| Meta Pseudo Labels | 2021-03-01 | Image classification | 37.98 |
| StarCoder | 2023-05-09 | Code generation | 35.07 |
| CoAtNet | 2021-06-09 | Image classification | 33.97 |
| Turing-NLG | 2020-02-13 | Text autocompletion | 33.17 |
| Llama 2-7B | 2023-07-18 | Language model | 32.67 |
| ProtBERT-BFD | 2021-05-04 | Proteins | 32.32 |
| GOAT | 2021-07-27 | Open ended play | 31.90 |
| Taiyi-Stable Diffusion | 2022-10-31 | Image generation | 31.28 |
| ProtT5-XXL-BFD | 2021-05-04 | Proteins | 30.71 |
| CoCa | 2022-06-14 | Image classification | 27.74 |
| T5-11B | 2019-10-23 | Text autocompletion | 26.45 |
| AlphaStar | 2019-10-30 | StarCraft | 24.43 |
| ALIGN | 2021-06-11 | Representation learning | 22.36 |
| Stable Diffusion (LDM-KL-8-G) | 2022-04-13 | Image generation | 21.59 |
| XGLM-7.5B | 2021-12-20 | Translation | 18.80 |
| LLaMA-7B | 2023-02-24 | Language model | 17.40 |
| BASIC-L | 2021-11-19 | Image classification | 15.76 |
| T0-XXL | 2021-10-15 | Language model | 15.59 |
| CLIP (ViT L/14@336px) | 2021-01-05 | Zero-shot image classification | 13.76 |
| Flan-T5 11B | 2022-10-20 | Language model | 12.65 |
| ProGen2-xlarge | 2022-06-27 | Proteins | 11.12 |
| GShard (dense) | 2020-06-30 | Translation | 10.56 |
| NLLB | 2022-07-06 | Translation | 6.90 |
| Imagen | 2022-05-23 | Text-to-image | 5.65 |
| OmegaPLM | 2022-07-22 | Proteins | 5.45 |