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[Grammar] 12-6 System Tuning.md
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dendibakh authored Aug 10, 2024
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A more extreme shot at boosting performance is to overclock the CPU. Overclocking is a process of running the CPU at a higher frequency than it was designed for. It is a risky operation, as it can void the warranty and potentially damage the CPU. Overclocking is not suited for production environments and is usually done by enthusiasts who are willing to take the risk for the sake of performance. To overclock a CPU, you need to have the right parts, mainly a motherboard that supports overclocking, a CPU that is unlocked, and a cooling system that can handle the increased heat output. At the beginning of 2024, overclocking experts crossed the 9 GHz barrier on a widely available CPU.[^9]

It is helpful to understand performance bottlenecks in your application to tune the right settings. Scalability studies can help you to determine the sensitivity of your application to various system settings. For example, you may find out that your application doesn't scale with the number of cores (see [@sec:ThreadCountScalingStudy]), or that it is limited by the memory latency. Using this information, you can make educated decisions about tuning the system settings or perhaps buying new hardware components for your computing systems. In the next case study we will show how you can determine whether an application is sensitive to the size of the last-level cache (LLC).
It is helpful to understand performance bottlenecks in your application to tune the right settings. Scalability studies can help you to determine the sensitivity of your application to various system settings. For example, you may find out that your application doesn't scale with the number of cores (see [@sec:ThreadCountScalingStudy]), or that it is limited by the memory latency. Using this information, you can make educated decisions about tuning the system settings or perhaps buying new hardware components for your computing systems. In the next case study, we will show how you can determine whether an application is sensitive to the size of the last-level cache (LLC).

[^5]: Red Hat low latency tuning guidelines - [https://access.redhat.com/sites/default/files/attachments/201501-perf-brief-low-latency-tuning-rhel7-v2.1.pdf](https://access.redhat.com/sites/default/files/attachments/201501-perf-brief-low-latency-tuning-rhel7-v2.1.pdf)
[^6]: I.e., when sibling threads execute differing instruction patterns.
[^7]: Power Management States: P-States, C-States - [https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/articles/power-management-states-p-states-c-states-and-package-c-states.html](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/articles/power-management-states-p-states-c-states-and-package-c-states.html)
[^8]: Cache Locking. Survey of cache locking techniques [@CacheLocking]. An example of pseudo-locking a portion of the cache, which is then exposed as a character device in the Linux file system and made available for `mmap`ing: [https://events19.linuxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Introducing-Cache-Pseudo-Locking-to-Reduce-Memory-Access-Latency-Reinette-Chatre-Intel.pdf](https://events19.linuxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Introducing-Cache-Pseudo-Locking-to-Reduce-Memory-Access-Latency-Reinette-Chatre-Intel.pdf)
[^9]: CPU overclocking records - [https://press.asus.com/news/press-releases/rog-maximus-z790-apex-encore-sets-3-overclocking-world-records/](https://press.asus.com/news/press-releases/rog-maximus-z790-apex-encore-sets-3-overclocking-world-records/)
[^9]: CPU overclocking records - [https://press.asus.com/news/press-releases/rog-maximus-z790-apex-encore-sets-3-overclocking-world-records/](https://press.asus.com/news/press-releases/rog-maximus-z790-apex-encore-sets-3-overclocking-world-records/)

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