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Georgii Buzykin edited this page Aug 4, 2022 · 1 revision

LALR-grammar Based Parser Generator

This tool generates syntax LALR (Look-Ahead LR parser) analyzer based on grammar specified using BNF (Backus–Naur or context-free Form). Its input file is very similar to the input of standard yacc tool by structure and syntax. But contrary to yacc instead of generating full analyzer with inlined action handlers parsegen generates only tables and parser engine C-compliant function as files, which can be included into the rest analyzer's implementation.

This README file briefly describes this tool and can be not up-do-date, it also gives guidelines how to use this stuff. For more detailed information see wiki pages.

A Simple Usage Example

Assume that we already have built this tool as parsegen executable, and we want to create a simple arithmetical calculator, which supports '+', '-' (unary and binary), '*', and '/' operators. Brackets '(' and ')' can also be used to override precedence.

Here is a source input file test.gr for the desired parser:

# This is an arithmetical expression syntax analyzer.

# This section contains token and action definitions as well as token priority and
# associativity specifications.
# Start conditions are also can be defined in this section using the form: %start <sc-name>.
# By default only one `initial` start condition is implicitly defined.

# Tokens
%token num     # number token
%token eof     # end of file token

# Operator precedence
# Tokens in upper lines has less priority than lower ones
%left '+' '-'
%left '*' '/'
%right $unary  # Names preceded with symbol '$' are used for internal tokens, which are declared
               # in-place and are not exposed to final analyzer. They are only used as priority
               # references. Names $default, $empty, and $error are reserved.

# Actions
%action add    # add action ('+')
%action sub    # subtract action ('-')
%action mul    # multiply action ('*')
%action div    # divide action ('/')
%action uminus # unary minus

%% # section separator

# This section describes grammar using Backus–Naur form.
# By default its first production is a starting production with default `initial` start condition.
# If one of productions is needed to be marked as a starting production, then start condition
# name should be specified in triangle braces just after the left part of the production.
# Note, that starting production must be ended with a token.

result : expr [eof] ;     # or result<initial> : expr [eof]

expr : '(' expr ')'       # character ':' separates left and right production parts
  | expr '+' expr {add}   # character '|' separates right parts of productions with the same left parts
  | expr '-' expr {sub}   # actions to be performed can be specified in curly braces in any point of a production
  | expr '*' expr {mul}   # single quotation marks can be used for single-character tokens
  | expr '/' expr {div}
  | '-' expr {uminus} %prec $unary    # explicit precedence specification is used for this production
  | [num]                 # tokens are specified in square brackets
  ;                       # character ';' finishes production

%% # mandatory end of section

Then, in order to generate our syntax analyzer let's issue the following:

./parsegen test.gr

As the result two files with default names parser_defs.h and parser_analyzer.inl are generated. If it is needed to specify the names explicitly the following should be issued:

./parsegen test.gr -h <new-defs-file-name> -o <new-analyzer-file-name>

File parser_defs.h contains numerical identifiers for tokens, actions, and start conditions (or start analyzer states). Only one sc_initial start condition is defined for our example.

File parser_analyzer.inl contains necessary tables and parse() function implementation, defined as static. This function has the following prototype:

static int parse(int tt, int* sptr0, int** p_sptr, int rise_error);

where:

  • tt - look-ahead token identifier
  • sptr0 - pointer to the beginning of user-provided state stack
  • p_sptr - pointer to current user-provided state stack pointer
  • rise_error - if is <0 then an error is risen with code rise_error, error recovering procedure is initiated as the analyzer faced a syntax error

returns: action identifier to perform on reduction or

  • predef_act_shift to shift look-ahead token
  • predef_act_reduce to reduce without specified action

How It Works

The analyzer returns the decision result whether to shift next look-ahead token or to reduce some production based on current state stack and current look-ahead token identifier.

The starting state must be on the top of user-provided state stack before the first call of parse(). Current stack pointer *p_sptr must point to the position after the last state (the first free stack cell).

Before each parse() call one free stack cell must be reserved. The caller is responsible for it.

In case of reduction as well as in case of erroneous reduction (involving $error token) the length of this reduction can be calculated as a difference between stack top pointers before and after the call plus 1.

The calculators's code can be something like this:

...
namespace parser_detail {
#include "parser_defs.h"
#include "parser_analyzer.inl"
}
...
int main() {
    ...
    auto state_stack = std::make_unique<int[]>(kInitialStackSize);
    int* sfirst = state_stack.data();
    int* slast = sfirst + kInitialStackSize;
    int* sptr = sfirst;
    *sptr++ = parser_detail::sc_initial;
    ...
    std::vector<double> eval_stack;
    ...
    int tt = <... obtain the first token identifier, e.g., from lexical analyzer ...>;
    ...
    while (true) {
        <... ensure that state stack contains at least one free cell ...>
        int act = parser_detail::parse(tt, sfirst, &sptr, 0);
        if (act < 0) {
            <... log syntax error ...>
            return -1;
        } else if (act != parser_detail::predef_act_shift) {
            switch (act) {
                case parser_detail::act_add: {
                    *(eval_stack.end() - 2) += *(eval_stack.end() - 1);
                    eval_stack.pop_back();
                } break;
                case parser_detail::act_sub: {
                    *(eval_stack.end() - 2) -= *(eval_stack.end() - 1);
                    eval_stack.pop_back();
                } break;
                case parser_detail::act_mul: {
                    *(eval_stack.end() - 2) *= *(eval_stack.end() - 1);
                    eval_stack.pop_back();
                } break;
                case parser_detail::act_div: {
                    <... log error if denominator is zero ...>
                    *(eval_stack.end() - 2) /= *(eval_stack.end() - 1);
                    eval_stack.pop_back();
                } break;
                case parser_detail::act_uminus: {
                    *(eval_stack.end() - 1) = -*(eval_stack.end() - 1);
                } break;
                default: break;
            }
        } else if (tt != parser_detail::tt_eof) {
            eval_stack.push_back(<... current look-ahead token value ...>);
            tt = <... obtain the next token identifier, e.g., from lexical analyzer ...>;
        } else {
            // we can accept the whole expression on shifting the ending terminal
            break;
        }
    }
    <... print the single element in `eval_stack` ...>
    return 0;
}

Command Line Options

$ ./parsegen --help
Usage: parsegen [options] file
Options:
    -o <file>           Place the output analyzer into <file>.
    -h <file>           Place the output definitions into <file>.
    --report <file>     Place analyzer build report into <file>.
    --help              Display this information.

How to Build parsegen

Perform these steps to build the project (in linux, for other platforms the steps are similar):

  1. Clone parsegen repository and enter it

    git clone https://github.com/gbuzykin/parsegen
cd parsegen

  2. Initialize and update uxs submodule

    git submodule update --init

  3. Then, compilation script should be created using cmake tool. To use the default C++ compiler just issue (for new enough version of cmake)

    cmake -S . -B build

    or to make building scripts for debug or optimized configurations issue the following

    cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="Debug"

    or

    cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="Release"

  4. Enter created folder build and run make

    cd build
make

    to use several parallel processes (e.g. 8) for building run make with -j key

    make -j 8
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