Add optional support for per-thread timers and timing MPI synchronization #5882

Job	Run time
black	33s
clang-format	18s
copyright_headers	15s
cppcheck	13m 25s
flake8	24s
forbidden_types	17s
isort	12s
lychee_IGNORED	1m 46s
mypy	37s
pydocstyle	19s
pylint	41s
rstcheck	23s
unused_names	16s
vale	33s
sphinx-rtd	3m 33s
sphinx-conda	0s
build_linux (ubuntu-22.04, gcc, boost, optimize, warning)	13m 54s
build_macos (macos-latest, clang, openmp, mpi, python, gsl, ltdl, boost, hdf5, optimize, warning)	12m 47s
build_linux (ubuntu-22.04, gcc, openmp, python, gsl, ltdl, boost, optimize, warning)	18m 46s
build_linux (ubuntu-22.04, gcc, mpi, python, gsl, ltdl, boost, optimize, warning)	20m 33s
build_linux (ubuntu-22.04, gcc, openmp, mpi, python, gsl, ltdl, boost, hdf5, sionlib, libneurosim...	33m 2s
	2h 2m 34s

Provide feedback