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| @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ | ||
| %!TEX root = forallxyyc.tex | ||
|
|
||
| \chapter{Notes on accessibility} | ||
|
|
||
| Special attention has been paid to make this HTML version as | ||
| accessible as possible, especially to readers using Assistive | ||
| Technology (AT), such as screen readers. It has, however, not | ||
| been extensively tested. If you are using it with a screen reader or | ||
| Braille terminal, or are helping a student who relies on such tools | ||
| (e.g., as instructor or accessibility advisor), and you have feedback | ||
| please \href{mailto:[email protected]}{get in touch}! | ||
|
|
||
| \paragraph{Navigation and styles} We have adopted the HTML style | ||
| provided by \href{https://vlmantova.github.io/bookml/}{BookML}, | ||
| developed for the Leeds mathematics department by | ||
| \href{https://eps.leeds.ac.uk/maths/staff/4058/dr-vincenzo-l-mantova}{Vincenzo | ||
| Mantova}. It provides a collapsible navigation menu, buttons at the | ||
| top of each page to select the font size, switch between serif and | ||
| sans-serif font, and black-on-white, dark-on-sepia, or light-on-dark | ||
| display options. | ||
|
|
||
| \paragraph{Symbols and formulas} All logical symbols and formulas in | ||
| this book are converted to MathML and displayed using | ||
| \href{https://www.mathjax.org/}{MathJax}. MathJax provides additional | ||
| \href{https://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/basic/accessibility.html}{accessibility | ||
| features} for formulas, which are found in the MathJax context | ||
| menu---activate/right click on any formula to activate it. If your | ||
| screen reader does not read out formulas such as $\forall x(A(x) \land | ||
| B(x))$ you may need to activate Speech Output in the Speech submenu of | ||
| the MathJax accessibility menu. | ||
|
|
||
| For reference, here is a table of all the symbols used in the text, | ||
| how they are (probably?) pronounced, and what they are called in the | ||
| text. In the rightmost column we provide a suggested way to enter them | ||
| using ASCII characters, if inserting special symbols (in a homework | ||
| assignment or email to your instructor, say) is not an option. | ||
|
|
||
| \begin{tabular}{lllll} | ||
| \lxBeginTableHead{}Symbol\lxTableColumnHead{} & Pronounciation\lxTableColumnHead{} & Meaning\lxTableColumnHead{} & ASCII equivalent\lxTableColumnHead{}\\ | ||
| \hline\lxEndTableHead | ||
| $\enot$ & not sign & logical not & \verb+~+ or \verb+-+\\ | ||
| $\eor$ & or & logical or & \verb+\/+\\ | ||
| $\eand$ & and & logical and & \verb+/\+ or \verb+&+\\ | ||
| $\eif$ & right arrow & conditional & \verb+->+ or \verb+>+\\ | ||
| $\eiff$ & left right arrow & biconditional & \verb+<->+ or \verb+<>+\\ | ||
| $\ered$ & up tack & contradiction & \verb+_|_+ or \verb+!?+\\ | ||
| $\forall$ & for all & universal quantifier & \verb|A| or \verb|@|\\ | ||
| $\exists$ & there exists & existential quantifier & \verb|E| or \verb|3|\\ | ||
| $\therefore$ & therefore & therefore & \verb|:.|\\ | ||
| $\proves$ & right tack & proves & \verb+|-+\\ | ||
| $\nproves$ & does not prove & does not prove & \verb+|/-+\\ | ||
| $\entails$ & true & entails & \verb+|=+\\ | ||
| $\nentails$ & not true & does not entail & \verb+|/=+\\ | ||
| $\ebox$ & white square & necessary & \verb+[]+\\ | ||
| $\ediamond$ & white diamond & possible & \verb+<>+ | ||
| \end{tabular} | ||
|
|
||
| Subscripts should be pronounced by screen readers, although | ||
| if the subscript is a number, they may not be. They can be | ||
| represented by an underline, e.g., $A_2$ as \verb|A_2|. | ||
|
|
||
| The expressions `\blank{}' and `\ifeff' are used throughout the textbook. | ||
| `Iff' is short for `if and only if'. The HTML versions of both are | ||
| provided with ARIA labels to help screen readers pronounce them | ||
| properly (i.e., as `blank' and `if-eff'). | ||
|
|
||
| \paragraph{Proofs} The natural deduction proofs in | ||
| \cref{ch.NDTFL,ch.NDFOL,ch.ML} use vertical lines to indicate where | ||
| subproofs start and end. Such vertical lines extend from the | ||
| assumption line of the subproof to its last line and are displayed | ||
| between the line numbers and the formulas in any given line. This | ||
| makes proofs a special challenge for users with low vision or complete | ||
| loss of vision. | ||
|
|
||
| To make these proofs accessible in this HTML version, proofs are coded | ||
| as tables. Each table line has four columns: the line number, a | ||
| subproof level indicator, a formula, and a justification. The subproof | ||
| level indicator is a number recording how many nested subproofs the | ||
| current line is contained in. It is 0 if the line is not contained in | ||
| a subproof, 1 if it is in a subproof, 2 if it is in a subproof nested | ||
| within another subproof, and so on. When reading out a subproof level | ||
| indicator, screen readers should also announce if a subproof has just | ||
| been closed on the previous line, and when a new subproof starts. The | ||
| table header rows and subproof level indicators are hidden so that | ||
| proofs visually appear as in the printed text. | ||
|
|
||
| Here is an example of such a proof: | ||
| \begin{fitchproof} | ||
| \hypo{wxyz}{(W \eor X) \eor (Y \eor Z)}\PR | ||
| \hypo{xy}{X \eif Y}\PR | ||
| \hypo{nz}{\enot Z}\PR | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{wx}{W \eor X}\AS | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{w}{W}\AS | ||
| \have{wy1}{W \eor Y}\oi{w} | ||
| \close | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{x}{X}\AS | ||
| \have{y1}{Y}\ce{xy, x} | ||
| \have{wy2}{W \eor Y}\oi{y1} | ||
| \close | ||
| \have{wy3}{W \eor Y}\oe{wx, w-wy1, x-wy2} | ||
| \close | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{yz}{Y \eor Z}\AS | ||
| \have{y}{Y}\ds{yz, nz} | ||
| \have{wy}{W \eor Y}\oi{y} | ||
| \close | ||
| \have{wy4}{W \eor Y}\oe{wxyz, wx-wy3, yz-wy} | ||
| \end{fitchproof} | ||
| It has 14 lines, with 3 premises, 2 levels of subproof nesting, and | ||
| two pairs of adjacent subproofs. For instance, the subproof beginning | ||
| on line 5 ends at line 6, and line 7 starts another subproof. So the | ||
| subproof levels of lines 6 and 7 is the same, but lines 6 and 7 are in | ||
| different subproofs. If you cannot see the subproof lines, you have to | ||
| pay special attention to how the subproof level numbers change | ||
| \emph{and} when a formula is an assumption. A screen reader should | ||
| announce line 7 as ``7, close subproof, 2, open subproof, $X$, | ||
| AS.'' |
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| Original file line number | Diff line number | Diff line change |
|---|---|---|
|
|
@@ -45,122 +45,4 @@ | |
|
|
||
| \input{forallx-yyc-content} | ||
|
|
||
| \chapter{Notes on accessibility} | ||
|
|
||
| Special attention has been paid to make this HTML version as | ||
| accessible as possible, especially to readers using Assistive | ||
| Technology (AT), such as screen readers. It has, however, not | ||
| been extensively tested. If you are using it with a screen reader or | ||
| Braille terminal, or are helping a student who relies on such tools | ||
| (e.g., as instructor or accessibility advisor), and you have feedback | ||
| please \href{mailto:[email protected]}{get in touch}! | ||
|
|
||
| \paragraph{Navigation and styles} We have adopted the HTML style | ||
| provided by \href{https://vlmantova.github.io/bookml/}{BookML}, | ||
| developed for the Leeds mathematics department by | ||
| \href{https://eps.leeds.ac.uk/maths/staff/4058/dr-vincenzo-l-mantova}{Vincenzo | ||
| Mantova}. It provides a collapsible navigation menu, buttons at the | ||
| top of each page to select the font size, switch between serif and | ||
| sans-serif font, and black-on-white, dark-on-sepia, or light-on-dark | ||
| display options. | ||
|
|
||
| \paragraph{Symbols and formulas} All logical symbols and formulas in | ||
| this book are converted to MathML and displayed using | ||
| \href{https://www.mathjax.org/}{MathJax}. MathJax provides additional | ||
| \href{https://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/basic/accessibility.html}{accessibility | ||
| features} for formulas, which are found in the MathJax context | ||
| menu---activate/right click on any formula to activate it. If your | ||
| screen reader does not read out formulas such as $\forall x(A(x) \land | ||
| B(x))$ you may need to activate Speech Output in the Speech submenu of | ||
| the MathJax accessibility menu. | ||
|
|
||
| For reference, here is a table of all the symbols used in the text, | ||
| how they are (probably?) pronounced, and what they are called in the | ||
| text. In the rightmost column we provide a suggested way to enter them | ||
| using ASCII characters, if inserting special symbols (in a homework | ||
| assignment or email to your instructor, say) is not an option. | ||
|
|
||
| \begin{tabular}{lllll} | ||
| \lxBeginTableHead{}Symbol\lxTableColumnHead{} & Pronounciation\lxTableColumnHead{} & Meaning\lxTableColumnHead{} & ASCII equivalent\lxTableColumnHead{}\\ | ||
| \hline\lxEndTableHead | ||
| $\enot$ & not sign & logical not & \verb+~+ or \verb+-+\\ | ||
| $\eor$ & or & logical or & \verb+\/+\\ | ||
| $\eand$ & and & logical and & \verb+/\+ or \verb+&+\\ | ||
| $\eif$ & right arrow & conditional & \verb+->+ or \verb+>+\\ | ||
| $\eiff$ & left right arrow & biconditional & \verb+<->+ or \verb+<>+\\ | ||
| $\ered$ & up tack & contradiction & \verb+_|_+ or \verb+!?+\\ | ||
| $\forall$ & for all & universal quantifier & \verb|A| or \verb|@|\\ | ||
| $\exists$ & there exists & existential quantifier & \verb|E| or \verb|3|\\ | ||
| $\therefore$ & therefore & therefore & \verb|:.|\\ | ||
| $\proves$ & right tack & proves & \verb+|-+\\ | ||
| $\nproves$ & does not prove & does not prove & \verb+|/-+\\ | ||
| $\entails$ & true & entails & \verb+|=+\\ | ||
| $\nentails$ & not true & does not entail & \verb+|/=+\\ | ||
| $\ebox$ & white square & necessary & \verb+[]+\\ | ||
| $\ediamond$ & white diamond & possible & \verb+<>+ | ||
| \end{tabular} | ||
|
|
||
| Subscripts should be pronounced by screen readers, although | ||
| if the subscript is a number, they may not be. They can be | ||
| represented by an underline, e.g., $A_2$ as \verb|A_2|. | ||
|
|
||
| The expressions `\blank{}' and `\ifeff' are used throughout the textbook. | ||
| `Iff' is short for `if and only if'. The HTML versions of both are | ||
| provided with ARIA labels to help screen readers pronounce them | ||
| properly (i.e., as `blank' and `if-eff'). | ||
|
|
||
| \paragraph{Proofs} The natural deduction proofs in | ||
| \cref{ch.NDTFL,ch.NDFOL,Proof} use vertical lines to indicate where | ||
| subproofs start and end. Such vertical lines extend from the | ||
| assumption line of the subproof to its last line and are displayed | ||
| between the line numbers and the formulas in any given line. This | ||
| makes proofs a special challenge for blind users. | ||
|
|
||
| To make these proofs accessible in this HTML version, proofs are coded | ||
| as tables. Each table line has four columns: the line number, a | ||
| subproof level indicator, a formula, and a justification. The subproof | ||
| level indicator is a number recording how many nested subproofs the | ||
| current line is contained in. It is 0 if the line is not contained in | ||
| a subproof, 1 if it is in a subproof, 2 if it is in a subproof nested | ||
| within another subproof, and so on. When reading out a subproof level | ||
| indicator, screen readers should also announce if a subproof has just | ||
| been closed on the previous line, and when a new subproof starts. The | ||
| table header rows and subproof level indicators are hidden so that | ||
| proofs visually appear as in the printed text. | ||
|
|
||
| Here is an example of such a proof: | ||
| \begin{fitchproof} | ||
| \hypo{wxyz}{(W \eor X) \eor (Y \eor Z)}\PR | ||
| \hypo{xy}{X \eif Y}\PR | ||
| \hypo{nz}{\enot Z}\PR | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{wx}{W \eor X}\AS | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{w}{W}\AS | ||
| \have{wy1}{W \eor Y}\oi{w} | ||
| \close | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{x}{X}\AS | ||
| \have{y1}{Y}\ce{xy, x} | ||
| \have{wy2}{W \eor Y}\oi{y1} | ||
| \close | ||
| \have{wy3}{W \eor Y}\oe{wx, w-wy1, x-wy2} | ||
| \close | ||
| \open | ||
| \hypo{yz}{Y \eor Z}\AS | ||
| \have{y}{Y}\ds{yz, nz} | ||
| \have{wy}{W \eor Y}\oi{y} | ||
| \close | ||
| \have{wy4}{W \eor Y}\oe{wxyz, wx-wy3, yz-wy} | ||
| \end{fitchproof} | ||
| It has 14 lines, with 3 premises, 2 levels of subproof nesting, and | ||
| two pairs of adjacent subproofs. For instance, the subproof beginning | ||
| on line 5 ends at line 6, and line 7 starts another subproof. So the | ||
| subproof levels of lines 6 and 7 is the same, but lines 6 and 7 are in | ||
| different subproofs. If you cannot see the subproof lines, you have to | ||
| pay special attention to how the subproof level numbers change | ||
| \emph{and} when a formula is an assumption. A screen reader should | ||
| announce line 7 as ``7, close subproof, 2, open subproof, $X$, | ||
| Assumption.'' | ||
|
|
||
| \end{document} | ||