CHANGELOG | API | current Break Version:

[com.taoensso/tower "3.0.2"]       ; Deprecated
[com.taoensso/tower "3.1.0-beta4"] ; EOL but stable

See here if you're interested in helping support my open-source work, thanks! - Peter Taoussanis

Tower: a Clojure/Script i18n & L10n library

The Java platform provides some very capable tools for writing internationalized applications. Unfortunately, they can be... cumbersome. We can do much better in Clojure.

Tower's an attempt to present a simple, idiomatic internationalization and localization story for Clojure. It wraps standard Java functionality where possible - with warm, fuzzy, functional love.

Library status: EOL but stable

Last updated: Jan 2016

Tower's latest beta (3.1.0-beta4) is stable and quite useable in production, but is likely the last major release for the library (modulo unexpected bug fixes). Future development work is going to be focused on:

• Tempura - Clojure/Script translations API
• To be determined - Clojure/Script localization API

Why the EOL?

Tower's quite useable as it is but was initially designed before things like Reactjs (indeed ClojureScript) were available. The API does the job, but it's not what I'd write if I wrote it from scratch today w/o the historical baggage.

Rather than try to shoehorn a significant set of potentially-breaking changes into Tower (pressuring stable users to migrate), it seemed logical to instead focus future work on alternative lib/s that could be optionally migrated to in stages.

As I find time to publish these libs, I'll make a best effort to also document the procedure necessary for migrating from Tower for those users that want to do that.

I apologise for the stress/trouble that this might cause, but hope that the present solution will turn out to be relatively painless in most cases. Long term, I think that the benefits will be worth it.

- Peter Taoussanis

Features

• Small all-Clojure library
• Simple wrappers for standard Java localization features
• Simple, map-based translation dictionary format. No XML or resource files!
• Rails-like, pure-Clojure translation function with ClojureScript support
• Automatic dev-mode dictionary reloading for rapid REPL development
• Seamless markdown support for translators
• Ring middleware
• TODO: export/import to allow use with industry-standard tools for translators

Getting started

Add the necessary dependency to your project:

Leiningen: [com.taoensso/tower "3.0.2"] ; or
deps.edn:   com.taoensso/tower {:mvn/version "3.0.2"}

And setup your namespace imports:

(ns my-clj-ns ; Clojure namespace
  (:require [taoensso.tower :as tower :refer (with-tscope)]))

;; Requires v3.1+
(ns my-cljs-ns ; ClojureScript namespace
  (:require [taoensso.tower :as tower :refer-macros (with-tscope)]))

Translation

The make-t fn handles translations. You give it a config map which includes your dictionary, and get back a (fn [locale-or-locales k-or-ks & fmt-args]):

(def my-tconfig
  {:dictionary ; Map or named resource containing map
   {:en   {:example {:foo         ":en :example/foo text"
                     :foo_comment "Hello translator, please do x"
                     :bar {:baz ":en :example.bar/baz text"}
                     :greeting "Hello %s, how are you?"
                     :inline-markdown "<tag>**strong**</tag>"
                     :block-markdown* "<tag>**strong**</tag>"
                     :with-exclaim!   "<tag>**strong**</tag>"
                     :with-arguments  "Num %d = %s"
                     :greeting-alias :example/greeting
                     :baz-alias      :example.bar/baz}
           :missing  "|Missing translation: [%1$s %2$s %3$s]|"}
    :en-US {:example {:foo ":en-US :example/foo text"}}
    :de    {:example {:foo ":de :example/foo text"}}
    :ja "test_ja.clj" ; Import locale's map from external resource
    }
   :dev-mode? true ; Set to true for auto dictionary reloading
   :fallback-locale :de})

(def t (tower/make-t my-tconfig)) ; Create translation fn

(t :en-US :example/foo) => ":en-US :example/foo text"
(t :en    :example/foo) => ":en :example/foo text"
(t :en    :example/greeting "Steve") => "Hello Steve, how are you?"

;;; Translation strings are escaped and parsed as inline or block Markdown:
(t :en :example/inline-markdown) => "&lt;tag&gt;<strong>strong</strong>&lt;/tag&gt;"
(t :en :example/block-markdown)  => "<p>&lt;tag&gt;<strong>strong</strong>&lt;/tag&gt;</p>" ; Notice no "*" suffix here, only in dictionary map
(t :en :example/with-exclaim)    => "<tag>**strong**</tag>" ; Notice no "!" suffix here, only in dictionary map
(t :en :example/with-arguments 42 "forty two") =>   "Num 42 = forty two"

It's simple to get started, but there's a number of advanced features for if/when you need them:

Loading dictionaries from disk/resources

Just use a string for the :dictionary and/or any locale value(s) in your config map. Be sure to check that the appropriate files are available on your classpath or one of Leiningen's resource paths (e.g. resources/).

Reloading dictionaries on modification**

Enable the :dev-mode? option and you're good to go!

Scoping translations**

Use with-tscope if you're calling t repeatedly within a specific translation-namespace context:

(with-tscope :example
  [(t :en :foo)
   (t :en :bar/baz)]) => [":en :example/foo text" ":en :example.bar/baz text"]

Missing translations**

These are handled gracefully. (t :en-US :example/foo) will search for a translation as follows:

1. :example/foo in the :en-US locale.
2. :example/foo in the :en locale.
3. :example/foo in the dictionary's fallback locale.
4. :missing in any of the above locales.

You can also specify fallback keys that'll be tried before other locales. (t :en-US [:example/foo :example/bar])) searches:

1. :example/foo in the :en-US locale.
2. :example/bar in the :en-US locale.
3. :example/foo in the :en locale.
4. :example/bar in the :en locale.
5. :example/foo in the fallback locale.
6. :example/bar in the fallback locale.
7. :missing in any of the above locales.

And even fallback locales. (t [:fr-FR :en-US] :example/foo) searches:

1. :example/foo in the :fr-FR locale.
2. :example/foo in the :fr locale.
3. :example/foo in the :en-US locale.
4. :example/foo in the :en locale.
5. :example/foo in the fallback locale.
6. :missing in any of the above locales.

In all cases, translation requests are logged upon fallback to fallback locale or :missing key.

ClojureScript translations (early support, v3.1+)

(def ^:private tconfig
  {:fallback-locale :en
   ;; Inlined (macro) dict => this ns needs rebuild for dict changes to reflect.
   ;; (dictionary .clj file can be placed in project's `/resources` dir):
   :compiled-dictionary (tower-macros/dict-compile* "my-dict.clj")})

(def t (tower/make-t tconfig)) ; Create translation fn

(t :en-US :example/foo) => ":en-US :example/foo text"

There's two notable differences from JVM translations:

1. The dictionary is provided in a pre-compiled form so that it can be inlined directly into your Cljs.
2. Since we lack a locale-aware Cljs format fn, your translations cannot use JVM locale formatting patterns.

The API is otherwise exactly the same, including support for all decorators.

Use with React (Reagent/Om/etc.)

React presents a bit of a challenge to translations since it automatically escapes all text content as a security measure.

This has two important implications for use with Tower's translations:

1. Content intended to allow translator-controlled inline styles needs to provided to React with the dangerouslySetInnerHTML property.
2. All other content should get a :<key>!-style translation to prevent double escaping (Tower already escapes translations not marked with an exlamation point).

Localization

Check out fmt, parse, lsort, fmt-str, fmt-msg:

(tower/fmt   :en-ZA 200       :currency) => "R 200.00"
(tower/fmt   :en-US 200       :currency) => "$200.00"
(tower/parse :en-US "$200.00" :currency) => 200

(tower/fmt :de-DE 2000.1 :number)               => "2.000,1"
(tower/fmt :de-DE (java.util.Date.))            => "12.06.2012"
(tower/fmt :de-DE (java.util.Date.) :date-long) => "12. Juni 2012"
(tower/fmt :de-DE (java.util.Date.) :dt-long)   => "12 giugno 2012 16.48.01 ICT"

(tower/lsort :pl ["Warsaw" "Kraków" "Łódź" "Wrocław" "Poznań"])
=> ("Kraków" "Łódź" "Poznań" "Warsaw" "Wrocław")

(mapv #(tower/fmt-msg :de "{0,choice,0#no cats|1#one cat|1<{0,number} cats}" %)
        (range 5))
=> ["no cats" "one cat" "2 cats" "3 cats" "4 cats"]

It's that simple. See the API docs for details.

Country and languages names, timezones, etc.

Check out countries, languages, and timezones.

Ring middleware

Quickly internationalize your Ring web apps by adding taoensso.tower.ring/wrap-tower to your middleware stack.

See the API docs for details.

This project supports the goals

• ClojureWerkz is a growing collection of open-source, batteries-included Clojure libraries that emphasise modern targets, great documentation, and thorough testing.

Contacting me / contributions

Please use the project's GitHub issues page for all questions, ideas, etc. Pull requests welcome. See the project's GitHub contributors page for a list of contributors.

Otherwise, you can reach me at Taoensso.com. Happy hacking!

- Peter Taoussanis

License

Distributed under the EPL v1.0 (same as Clojure).
Copyright © 2012-2020 Peter Taoussanis.